HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities

Kharsany, Ayesha B. M.; Karim, Quarraisha Abdool

doi:10.2174/1874613601610010034

Cited by 724 publications

(681 citation statements)

References 94 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

612

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The 2011 Ethiopian demographic and health survey showed that HIV prevalence in women was 1.9% which is higher than prevalence in men (1.0%) [3]. In sub-Saharan Africa, the main mode of HIV transmission is through heterosexual sex with a concomitant epidemic in children through vertical transmission [4]. Despite the risk of mother to child transmission of HIV, significant proportion of parents living with HIV continued to desire to have children [5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Women on Antiretroviral Therapy in Mizan-Tepi Teaching and Referral Hospital, South-West Ethiopia

Mitiku¹

2017

J Contracept Stud

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Women living with human immunodeficiency virus encounter unintended pregnancy with related risk of mother to child transmission of HIV. Unintended pregnancy among these peoples is associated with inconsistence use of contraceptives. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of modern contraceptive utilization and associated factors in the Mizan-Tepi teaching and referral hospital.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Women on Antiretroviral Therapy in Mizan-Tepi Teaching and Referral Hospital, South-West Ethiopia

Mitiku¹

2017

J Contracept Stud

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Sub-Saharan African countries constitute a high level of the worldwide HIV burden. Accordingly, in 2013, about 71 % of the total people living with HIV resided in sub-Saharan Africa, a region which constitutes no more than 12% of the global population [2,3]. Similarly, the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ethiopia continued to pose a threat to the lives of its people with an estimated of 769, 600 people living with HIV which was about 1.14% of the total population [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reasons for regimen shift among people living with HIV/AIDS in Asella Referral Hospital

Kasu¹,

Zeleke²,

Gashe³

2017

Med-Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the base for management of patients with HIV infection. On the other hand, a switch in the antiretroviral regimen could be compulsory because of various reasons. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the causes for initial antiretroviral regimen switch among adult HIV/ADIS patients. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patient information records of those visited the ART clinic since February 2013 to January 2015 in Asella Referral Hospital. Results: From 1468 patients' medical information reviewed, 221 of them changed their initial HAART regimens. Among these patients, 38% of them changed their first medications as a consequence of drug toxicity which was mainly triggered by AZT/3TC/NVP. The major cause for changing AZT/3TC/NVP treatment regimen associated with drug toxicity was anemia (17.85%). Other reasons stated for medication shift were co-morbidity, treatment failure, poor adherence and pregnancy. Since most of regimen modifications were in consequence of drug toxicity, these medication shifts require careful patient follow up; frequent laboratory result monitoring and selection of the right antiretroviral regimens.

show abstract

“…Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1, hereafter HIV) currently infects 37 million people worldwide, with the majority of those infected residing in Sub-Saharan Africa [29]. HIV, and the related though less infectious virus HIV-2, arose through zoonotic transfer from primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).…”

Section: General Hiv Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical Basis of APOBEC3 Deoxycytidine Deaminase Activity on Diverse DNA Substrates

2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) enzymes are a family of single-stranded (ss)DNA cytosine deaminases that serve as a host restriction factors for retrotransposons and viruses that contain a ssDNA intermediate. While the APOBEC3 family was originally expanded to restrict endogenous retroelements, the majority of these targets are now inactivated and the family has been found to act on different targets, such as viral ssDNA as a mechanism of viral defense. Some of the family members also catalyze "offtarget" deaminations in human ssDNA and have been implicated in somatic mutagenesis that can lead to cancer.My PhD thesis research investigated the biochemical mechanisms underlying both the benefits and the risks of the A3 family of enzymes. The central hypothesis of this work is that A3 enzymes have evolved distinct biochemical mechanisms to deaminate ssDNA that differentiate A3 restriction of retroelements and retroviruses from A3-induced somatic mutagenesis.Therefore, we investigated the biochemical mechanisms the A3 enzymes utilize during restriction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in both deamination-dependent and deaminationindependent modes, as well as the unique mechanisms employed during mutation of genomic DNA. There are seven APOBEC3 members (A-H, excluding E) and of these, four members (A3D, A3F, A3G, A3H) have been identified to restrict HIV replication in CD4 T+ cells, and currently three members (A3A, A3B and A3H haplotype I) have been implicated in somatic mutagenesis.The APOBEC3 enzymes that restrict HIV replication function optimally in the absence of the HIV viral infectivity factor (Vif). Vif targets APOBEC3 for degradation via the proteasome in HIV infected cells. For APOBEC3s that are able to fortuitously escape Vif mediated degradation and become encapsidated, the enzymes can deaminate cytosines to form uracils in viral (-)DNA. Replication of (-)DNA to (+)DNA causes HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to incorporate adenines opposite uracils which creates C/G→T/A transition mutations. While restriction of HIV most commonly occurs through this deamination-dependent mechanism, APOBEC3s have also been identified to interfere with HIV reverse transcriptase processes in a deamination-independent manner, although this mechanism is secondary to the deaminationdependent mode. In order to restrict retroelements and viruses such as HIV, the A3 enzymes iii require an efficient processive ssDNA scanning mechanism that allows them to search for, and locate cytosines on ssDNA in the finite amount of time the substrate is available during formation of the double-stranded DNA provirus. To understand if this requirement was lost in A3 enzymes unable to restrict HIV, we studied A3C. Human A3C is not able to restrict HIV, in comparison to the more active gorilla and chimpanzee A3C orthologs that can restrict HIV, however an explanation for this difference was lacking. A polymorphism, S188I, in human A3C, which is found in less than 3% of the global population lead...

show abstract

HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities

Cited by 724 publications

References 94 publications

Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Women on Antiretroviral Therapy in Mizan-Tepi Teaching and Referral Hospital, South-West Ethiopia

Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Women on Antiretroviral Therapy in Mizan-Tepi Teaching and Referral Hospital, South-West Ethiopia

The reasons for regimen shift among people living with HIV/AIDS in Asella Referral Hospital

Biochemical Basis of APOBEC3 Deoxycytidine Deaminase Activity on Diverse DNA Substrates

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About