HIV infection among youth in a South African mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour

Auvert, Bertran; Ballard, Ron; Campbell, Catherine; Caraël, Michel; Carton, Matthieu; Fehler, Glenda; Gouws, Eleanor; MacPhail, Catherine; Taljaard, Dirk; Dam, Johannes van; Williams, Brian G.

doi:10.1097/00002030-200105040-00009

Cited by 171 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…[28][29][30][31] The questionnaire was reviewed by experts on HIV and reproductive health surveys, both in South Africa and internationally, and was extensively piloted. 32 Throughout the survey, "sex" was defined as vaginal or anal intercourse and "sexual experience" was defined as having had vaginal or anal intercourse.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of Condom Use Among Young Adults in South Africa: The Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit National Youth Survey

et al. 2007

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Objectives. We examined correlates of condom use among a national random probability sample of sexually experienced young adults aged 15 to 24 years (n = 7686) in South Africa.Methods. Using data from the Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit National Youth Survey, we conducted gender-stratified bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine predictors of whether respondents had used a condom during their most recent sexual intercourse.Results. Condom use at sexual debut and talking with one's first sexual partner about condoms were the most significant predictors of condom use at most recent intercourse. Other significant predictors included high condom use selfefficacy, optimism about the future, and reported behavior change attributable to HIV/AIDS. Young adults who were married or had been involved in a relationship for 6 months or more were significantly less likely to have used a condom during their most recent sexual intercourse.Conclusions. Our findings point to the importance of exposing youths to sexuality education before their sexual debut as well as voluntary counseling and testing and programming that supports young adults, particularly young women, in making informed decisions about sexual intercourse and condoms. (Am J Public Health.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of Condom Use Among Young Adults in South Africa: The Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit National Youth Survey

et al. 2007

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“…Among young adults 15± 24 years old in Tanzania, a 1995 study found HIV prevalence of 5.6% among men and 3.6% among women who did not report any lifetime sexual activity vs 4.8% and 12% for men and women reporting one or more sexual partners 51 . In a 1999 study in South Africa, 6.8% of women and 1.2% of men 14± 24 years old who reported never having sex were HIV positive; however, a validation study found some under-reporting of sexual activity 52 . In a case± control study in Uganda, in two of seven cases with only one lifetime sexual partner, the partner was HIV-negative, three were HIVpositive, and two others not tested 53 .…”

Section: Adult Hiv Without Sexual Exposure To Hivmentioning

confidence: 95%

HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa not explained by sexual or vertical transmission

et al. 2002

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An expanding body of evidence challenges the conventional hypothesis that sexual transmission is responsible for more than 90% of adult HIV infections in Africa. Differences in epidemic trajectories across Africa do not correspond to differences in sexual behaviour. Studies among African couples find low rates of heterosexual transmission, as in developed countries. Many studies report HIV infections in African adults with no sexual exposure to HIV and in children with HIV-negative mothers. Unexplained high rates of HIV incidence have been observed in African women during antenatal and postpartum periods. Many studies show 20%–40% of HIV infections in African adults associated with injections (though direction of causation is unknown). These and other findings that challenge the conventional hypothesis point to the possibility that HIV transmission through unsafe medical care may be an important factor in Africa's HIV epidemic. More research is warranted to clarify risks for HIV transmission through health care.

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“…Numerous studies demonstrated that sexually transmitted infections (STIs) enhance susceptibility to HIV-1 acquisition and transmission, even in the absence of clinical symptoms (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). The most common viral STI acquired during sexual contact in the developing world is genital herpes (6), which is primarily caused by HSV type 2 (HSV-2), although HSV type 1 infection can also lead to genital herpes (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common viral STI acquired during sexual contact in the developing world is genital herpes (6), which is primarily caused by HSV type 2 (HSV-2), although HSV type 1 infection can also lead to genital herpes (7). Pre-existing HSV-2 infection is a risk factor for acquiring HIV-1 infection through sexual contact (1)(2)(3)(4). Although it remains unclear how HSV-2 enhances HIV-1 susceptibility, several mechanisms have been proposed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Enhances HIV-1 Susceptibility by Affecting Langerhans Cell Function

Jong

Witte

Taylor

et al. 2010

The Journal of Immunology

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Genital herpes is the most prevalent viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide and is mainly caused by HSV type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-2 infection enhances HIV-1 susceptibility, even in the absence of clinical symptoms. In this study, we investigated the effect of HSV-2 on HIV-1 transmission by mucosal Langerhans cells (LCs). LCs are important in heterosexual transmission because they form a barrier against HIV-1 infection; LCs efficiently capture and degrade HIV-1 through the C-type lectin langerin, thereby preventing HIV-1 transmission. Notably, our data showed that HSV-2 enhanced HIV-1 infection of LCs and subsequent HIV-1 transmission to T cells. HSV-2 interfered with HIV-1 capture by langerin, which allowed efficient HIV-1 infection of LCs. HSV-2 inhibited the antiviral function of langerin at two levels; HSV-2 decreased langerin expression and competed with HIV-1 for langerin binding. HSV-2 replication was not required, because both UV-inactivated HSV-2 and TLR-3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid similarly increased HIV-1 transmission by LCs. Therefore, we identified a mechanism by which HSV-2 enhances HIV-1 susceptibility, even in the absence of clinical symptoms. Our data demonstrated that viral coinfections, such as HSV-2, breach the protective function of LCs by abrogating langerin function, which increases HIV-1 susceptibility. These data reinforce the importance of preventing sexually transmitted infections, such as HSV-2, to reduce the transmission of HIV-1.

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HIV infection among youth in a South African mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour

Cited by 171 publications

References 32 publications

Predictors of Condom Use Among Young Adults in South Africa: The Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit National Youth Survey

Predictors of Condom Use Among Young Adults in South Africa: The Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit National Youth Survey

HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa not explained by sexual or vertical transmission

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Enhances HIV-1 Susceptibility by Affecting Langerhans Cell Function

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