HIV infection among pregnant women in Lindi, Tanzania, 1989-1993

Ku, Petry; Kingu, H J C

doi:10.1258/0956462961917942

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The prevalence of infection with HIV was similar to that in other rural areas of southern Tanzania (8.7%) [Petry and Kingu, 1996] and lower than that reported from the capital Dar es Salaam (15.2%) [Mwakagile et al, 1996]. The frequency of coinfection with HIV was higher among HBsAg-positive than among HCVpositive mothers, although the difference did not reach statistical significance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis viruses B, C, and E in Southern Tanzania

et al. 1999

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Hepatitis B and C markers were tested in 980 pregnant women, in the infants born to infected mothers, and in a random sample of 42 and 50, respectively, children born to uninfected mothers in Tanzania. Sixty-two women (6.3%) were positive for HBsAg and 15 (24%) were HBeAg-seropositive. Anti-HCV was detected in 49 women (5%), 15 (31%) of whom had detectable viremia. HCV RNA serum levels were low and only genotype 4 was identified. Sixty-six women (6.7%) were positive for anti-HIV, six of whom were coinfected with HBV and one with HCV. Anti-HEV was negative in the 180 women tested. At 8 months of age, HBsAg was detected in 8% and 2% of children born to HBV-infected and noninfected mothers, respectively (P = 0.2). Corresponding figures at 18 months of age were 31% and 21% (P = 0.3). When tested at 2 months of age, HCV RNA was not detected in any of the 43 children born to anti-HCV-positive mothers nor in any of 50 children born to anti-HCV-negative mothers. At 18 months, only one child, born to an anti-HCV-positive mother, had detectable HCV RNA. None of the infants born to women with HIV coinfection were infected with hepatitis viruses. This study suggests that exposure to HEV does not occur in southern Tanzania. The prevalence of current HBV infection in pregnant women from rural Tanzania is lower than in other sub-Saharan areas. In early childhood, HBV infection appears to occur by horizontal rather than maternofilial mechanisms of transmission. The prevalence of HCV infection is similar to that in other African countries. The results of this study show for the first time in Africa that mother-to-infant transmission does not play a significant role in the acquisition of HCV infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis viruses B, C, and E in Southern Tanzania

et al. 1999

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“…Other studies controlled for location (urban versus rural) or community where the research was conducted. In multivariate models, location near main roads can be one of the strongest associations for HIV infection (Petry & Kingu, 1996;Serwadda et al, 1992;Gregson & Garnett, 2000;Wilkinson et al, 2000). In the study by Serwadda et al, 1992, living near a trading centre or main road has an adjusted odds ratio of 7•2 (95% CI 3•3-16•0) for HIV infection.…”

Section: Marital Statusmentioning

confidence: 96%

Socioeconomic Status as a Risk Factor for Hiv Infection in Women in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Systematic Review

2004

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This is a critical, systematic review of the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and HIV infection in women in Southern, Central and Eastern Africa. In light of the interest in micro-credit programmes and other HIV prevention interventions structured to empower women through increasing women's access to funds and education, this review examines the epidemiological and public health literature, which ascertains the association between low SES using different measurements of SES and risk of HIV infection in women. Also, given the focus on structural violence and poverty as factors driving the HIV epidemic at a structural/ecological level, as advocated by Paul Farmer and others, this study examines the extent to which differences in SES between individuals in areas with generalized poverty affect risk for SES. Out of 71 studies retrieved, 36 studies met the inclusion criteria including 30 cross-sectional, one case-control and five prospective cohort or nested case-control studies. Thirty-five studies used at least one measurement of female's SES and fourteen also included a measurement of partner's SES. Studies used variables measuring educational level, household income and occupation or employment status at the individual and neighbourhood level to ascertain SES. Of the 36 studies, fifteen found no association between SES and HIV infection, twelve found an association between high SES and HIV infection, eight found an association between low SES and HIV infection and one was mixed. In interpreting these results, this review examines the role of potential confounders and effect modifiers such as history of STDs, number of partners, living in urban or rural areas and time and location of study in sub-Saharan Africa. It is argued that STDs and number of partners are on the causal pathway under investigation between HIV and SES and should not be adjusted as confounders in any analysis. In conclusion, it is argued that in low-income subSaharan Africans countries, where poverty is widespread, increasing access to resources for women may initially increase risk of HIV or have no effect on risk-taking behaviours. In some parts of Southern Africa where per capita 1 income is higher and within-country inequalities in wealth are greater, studies suggest that increasing SES may decrease risk. This review concludes that increased SES may have differential effects on married and unmarried women and further studies should use multiple measures of SES. Lastly, it is suggested that the partner's SES (measured by education or income/ employment) may be a stronger predictor of female HIV serostatus than measures of female SES.

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“…Women who were in a cohabiting relationship had the highest prevalence (20.5%) followed by married women (19.0%); never married women had the lowest prevalence rate (10.9%) [3]. In Lindi region in southern Tanzania the prevalence rose from less than 1% (3/683) in 1989 to 8.7% (42/484) in 1993 [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of a substantial decline in prevalence of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women: Data from 1995 to 2003 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Urassa

Kaaya²,

Mwakagile³

et al. 2006

Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine

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HIV infection among pregnant women in Lindi, Tanzania, 1989-1993

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis viruses B, C, and E in Southern Tanzania

Prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis viruses B, C, and E in Southern Tanzania

Socioeconomic Status as a Risk Factor for Hiv Infection in Women in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Systematic Review

Evidence of a substantial decline in prevalence of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women: Data from 1995 to 2003 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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