HIV in prison in low-income and middle-income countries

Dolan, Kate; Kite, Ben; Black, Emma; Aceijas, Carmen; Stimson, Gerry V.

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70685-5

Cited by 215 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Incarcerated individuals are particularly affected since they are at higher risk of being infected due to tattooing, piercing and use of injecting drugs (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). The living conditions of these people outside and inside prisons contribute to the transmission of infectious diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C among prisoners of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

Pompilio

Pontes

Castro

et al. 2011

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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Abstract:In Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, the number of prisoners has increased in the recent years and the control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has become more complex. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and identify the genotypes of HCV in prisoners as well as the factors associated with this infectious disease. Thereby, 443 men and 243 women from prisons were interviewed and subjected to blood collection. Anti-HCV reactive samples were analyzed by RT-PCR and genotyped. The overall seroprevalence of HCV infection was 4.8% (95%CI: 3.4 to 6.8%). Furthermore, the prevalence was higher in: men, injecting drug users, tattooed persons, those who were more than 50 years old, individuals who have been arrested multiple times, people with previous history of sexually transmitted disease (STD), persons who received blood transfusions or those with HIV/AIDS. The prevalence of RNA HCV by PCR was 3.0% (95%CI: 1.7 to 4.2%). Moreover, the coinfection of HIV and HCV was 33.3%. In addition, genotype 1 was the most frequent (85%) followed by genotype 3 (15%). The screening strategy for HCV and other infectious diseases in inmates is important as it establishes an early diagnosis, opportunity for treatment and allows the breaking of the transmission chain.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The living conditions of these people outside and inside prisons contribute to the transmission of infectious diseases. Their lifestyles, combined with worsened drug abuse inside prisons, reflect precarious levels of health care compared to the general population (3,4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C among prisoners of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

Pompilio

Pontes

Castro

et al. 2011

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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“…16 Such factors as poverty, violence, and fear of withdrawal symptoms or police may reduce the salience of risk reduction norms among IDUs. 17 Specific physical settings, such as shooting galleries, other injecting environments, 4,14,15,[18][19][20][21] and prisons, 22 have been associated with elevated levels of needle sharing and HIV infection. In such environments, HIV risk behaviors are shaped by the interplay of structural constraints placed on the availability of HIV prevention materials or the capacity of IDUs to enact risk reduction and what can be termed spatial practices arising from placed-based behavioral routines, norms, and risk perceptions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual, Social, and Environmental Influences Associated With HIV Infection Among Injection Drug Users in Tijuana, Mexico

Strathdee

Lozada²,

Pollini

et al. 2008

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

144

179

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Objective-We examined correlates of HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) in Tijuana, Mexico, a city bordering the United States, which is situated on major migration and drug trafficking routes.Methods-IDUs aged ≥18 years were recruited using respondent-driven sampling. Participants underwent antibody testing for HIV and syphilis and structured interviews. Weighted logistic regression identified correlates of HIV infection.Results-Of 1056 IDUs, the median age was 37 years, 86% were male, and 76% were migrants. HIV prevalence was higher in female participants than in male participants (8% vs. 3%; P = 0.01). Most IDUs testing HIV-positive were previously unaware of their serostatus (93%). IDUs reported injecting with a median of 2 people in the prior 6 months and had been arrested for having injection stigmata (ie, "track-marks") a median of 3 times. Factors independently associated with HIV infection were being female, syphilis titers consistent with active infection, larger numbers of recent injection partners, living in Tijuana for a shorter duration, and being arrested for having track-marks.Conclusions-Individual, social, and environmental factors were independently associated with HIV infection among IDUs in Tijuana. These findings suggest the need to intervene not solely on individual risk behaviors but on social processes that drive these behaviors, including problematic policing practices. Policing practices may have a significant impact on IDUs' ability to adhere to safe injection practices, thereby influencing their risk of acquiring HIV. Qualitative evidence shows that local policing practices influence how, where, and under what circumstances IDUs obtain and use injection equipment. 28,[30][31][32][33][34] Disruptions to IDUs' risk reduction practices and engagement in HIV risk behavior have been linked to high-visibility policing and fear of arrest or detainment, 30 which exacerbates withdrawal symptoms. Quantitative studies report that aggressive policing practices are associated with higher levels of needle sharing [35][36][37][38] and lower utilization of syringe exchange programs (SEPs). 39,40 In an ecologic study of the macrolegal environment in 89 metropolitan areas in the United States, Friedman and colleagues 41 showed that higher levels of legal repressiveness were positively associated with HIV prevalence among IDUs. Studies are lacking to determine how such effects interplay alongside individual and social network factors. KeywordsMobility is emerging as an important risk factor in the transmission dynamics of communicable diseases, including HIV. [42][43][44][45] Migration and mobility are associated with family separation, disintegration of social networks, sudden changes in the cultural environment, homelessness, poverty, social isolation, and a greater sense of anonymity, which may enable riskier behaviors. [46][47][48][49][50] In one study, social pressures, including legal problems, entering drug treatment, and the It is legal to purchase or carry syringes without ...

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“…Dla przykładu Dolan i wsp. zbadali częstość występowania zakażenia HIV wśród osadzonych ze 152 państw średnio-i niskorozwiniętych i stwierdzili, że w 20 z nich przekraczała ona 10% [7]. Według Zampino i wsp.…”

Section: Wstępunclassified

HBV, HCV, and HIV infection prevalence among prison staff in the light of occupational risk factors

Gańczak¹,

Szych²

2017

Med Pr

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StreszczenieWstęp: Celem pracy jest ocena zawodowych czynników ryzyka wśród personelu więziennego: częstości, okoliczności ekspozycji na krew i stosowanych metod prewencji, oraz oszacowanie występowania zakażeń wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu B (hepatitis B virus -HBV) i typu C (hepatitis C virus -HCV) oraz ludzkim wirusem niedoboru odporności (human immunodeficiency virus -HIV). Materiał i metody: Badanie ankietowe połączone z wykonaniem testów immunoenzymatycznych (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay -ELISA) III generacji zostało przeprowadzone w okresie czerwiec-lipiec 2015 r. w Zakładzie Karnym w Goleniowie. Wyniki: Zwrotność ankiet wynosiła 38%. W badaniu wzięło udział 87 osób (w wieku 22-64 lata, mediana: 34 lata). Męż-czyźni stanowili 88,5% badanych. Strażnicy więzienni stanowili 87,4% uczestników badania. Przynajmniej 1 ekspozycji zawodowej na krew w czasie kariery zawodowej doznało 28,7% respondentów, w roku poprzedzającym badanie 8% uległo skaleczeniu, dla strażników więziennych były to skaleczenia igłą ze światłem lub ostrzem żyletki podczas przeszukiwania celi lub rewizji osobistej. W szkoleniach dotyczących zakażeń zawodowych uczestniczyło 85,1% respondentów. Realizacja szczepień przeciwko HBV wynosiła 83,9%. Rękawic ochronnych używało 75,9% badanych, ochrony oczu -28,7%, 9,2% respondentów zawsze używało rękawic i okularów ochronnych. Najczęstszym powodem niestosowania (79,7%) środków ochrony była ich niedostępność. Większość eksponowanych (81,3%) nie zgłosiła skaleczenia odpowiednim służbom. Rozpowszechnienie występowania całkowitych przeciwciał anty-HBc (hepatitis B core antygen -antygen rdzeniowy wirusa zapalenia wątroby typu B), anty-HCV i anty-HIV wynosiło odpowiednio: 2,3%, 1,1% i 0%. Wnioski: Personel więzienny jest narażony na ekspozycje zawodowe na krew. Zgłaszanie tych incydentów jest rzadkie, podobnie jak stosowanie rękawic i okularów ochronnych, co stwarza zagrożenie zakażeniem krwiopochodnym. Częstość występowania przeciwciał anty-HCV jest podobna jak w populacji ogólnej, natomiast przeciwciał całkowi-tych anty-HBc -niższa, prawdopodobnie z powodu powszechnych szczepień przeciwko HBV, jednak mała zwrotność ankiet nie pozwala na precyzyjną ocenę prewalencji. Med. Pr. 2017;68(4):507-516 Słowa kluczowe: HIV, HCV, HBV, zakażenia krwiopochodne, zakażenia zawodowe, personel więzienny Abstract Background: Objectives of the study: to assess the occupational risk for blood-borne infections (BBIs) among prison staff (number/circumstances of blood exposures and preventive methods used), and to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Material and Methods: The survey, which included serological testing with the use of 3-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was completed on active staff at a correctional facility in Goleniów, Poland, between June-July 2015. Results: Response rate was 38%, 87 participants (aged 22-64 years, median: 34 years) agreed to participate. There were 88.5% males, correctional officers com...

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HIV in prison in low-income and middle-income countries

Cited by 215 publications

References 29 publications

Prevalence and epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C among prisoners of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

Prevalence and epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C among prisoners of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

Individual, Social, and Environmental Influences Associated With HIV Infection Among Injection Drug Users in Tijuana, Mexico

HBV, HCV, and HIV infection prevalence among prison staff in the light of occupational risk factors

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