HIV epidemic in central african republic: High prevalence rates in both rural and urban areas

Matsika-Claquin, Marcelle Diane; Massanga, M; Ménard, Didier; Mazi-Nzapako, Jean; Ténegbia, Jean-Pierre; Mandeng, Marie-Joëlle; Willybiro-Sacko, Jean; Fontanet, Arnaud; Talarmin, Antoine

doi:10.1002/jmv.20001

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The design and setting of new adjuvants and immunogens aimed at eliciting both systemic and mucosal responses to limit HIV spread are highly desirable and anticipated goals worldwide. An immunization strategy aimed at obtaining strong and long-lasting mucosal immunity could significantly limit HIV spread, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, and other areas where sexually transmitted diseases are heavy health and social burdens (16,24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of Murine Mucosal CCR5-Reactive Antibodies as an Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strategy

Barassi¹,

Soprana²,

Pastori³

et al. 2005

J Virol

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The genital mucosa is the main site of initial human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) contact with its host. In spite of repeated sexual exposure, some individuals remain seronegative, and a small fraction of them produce immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA autoantibodies directed against CCR5, which is probably the cause of the CCR5-minus phenotype observed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these subjects. These antibodies recognize the 89-to-102 extracellular loop of CCR5 in its native conformation. The aim of this study was to induce infection-preventing mucosal anti-CCR5 autoantibodies in individuals at high risk of HIV infection. Thus, we generated chimeric immunogens containing the relevant CCR5 peptide in the context of the capsid protein of Flock House virus, a presentation system in which it is possible to engineer conformationally constrained peptide in a highly immunogenic form. Administered in mice via the systemic or mucosal route, the immunogens elicited anti-CCR5 IgG and IgA (in sera and vaginal fluids). Analogous to exposed seronegative individuals, mice producing anti-CCR5 autoantibodies express significantly reduced levels of CCR5 on the surfaces of CD4 ؉ cells from peripheral blood and vaginal washes. In vitro studies have shown that murine IgG and IgA (i) specifically bind human and mouse CD4؉ lymphocytes and the CCR5-transfected U87 cell line, (ii) down-regulate CCR5 expression of CD4 ؉ cells from both humans and untreated mice, (iii) inhibit Mip-1␤ chemotaxis of CD4 ؉ CCR5 ؉ lymphocytes, and (iv) neutralize HIV R5 strains. These data suggest that immune strategies aimed at generating anti-CCR5 antibodies at the level of the genital mucosa might be feasible and represent a strategy to induce mucosal HIV-protective immunity.

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confidence: 99%

Induction of Murine Mucosal CCR5-Reactive Antibodies as an Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strategy

Barassi¹,

Soprana²,

Pastori³

et al. 2005

J Virol

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“…Unfortunately, most do not perform sufficiently well to be used as routine field diagnostic tests (6,9,11,12). Here, we assessed the diagnostic performance of the SDHO MTB test (SDHO Laboratories Inc., Canada), a novel and commercially available serological test for the detection of PTB, in the Central African Republic, which is a setting with high prevalences of both TB (13) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1,7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Poor Performance of a Novel Serological Test for Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Bangui, Central African Republic

Kassa-Kelembho

Kassa

Zandanga

et al. 2006

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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We assessed the performance of a serological test for tuberculosis (SDHO Laboratories Inc., Canada) in our setting. Among 68 of 99 suspected pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were scored as having tuberculosis on the basis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-positive culture, the sensitivity of the serological test was lower than that of sputum smear microscopic examination (20.6% versus 80.9%, respectively; P < 0.000001).Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem, with an estimated 8 million new cases and 2 million deaths due to this disease every year worldwide (4). Microscopic examination of sputum smears is still the only rapid, technically simple, and inexpensive test available for the routine diagnosis of TB in most developing countries. However, its sensitivity for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), even in good centers, is only about 60 to 70% with reference to sputum culture. Various antibodybased serological tests have been developed. Unfortunately, most do not perform sufficiently well to be used as routine field diagnostic tests (6,9,11,12). Here, we assessed the diagnostic performance of the SDHO MTB test (SDHO Laboratories Inc., Canada), a novel and commercially available serological test for the detection of PTB, in the Central African Republic, which is a setting with high prevalences of both TB (13) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1, 7).Study participants were recruited from the Department of Medicine at Bangui Community Hospital and from the Chest Clinic at National Teaching Hospital in Bangui, Central African Republic, between 12 July and 1 September 2004. Eligible participants were suspected PTB cases, defined as patients who had a history of cough lasting Ն3 weeks and who were identified by a physician as needing an evaluation for TB. Giving of informed consent, age of Ն18 years, and either sex were considered inclusion criteria for the study. All consecutive suspected PTB patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled and underwent an evaluation that is considered routine for suspected PTB in the Central African Republic. This consisted of providing three sputum specimens for acid-fast bacillus smearing within 48 h of enrollment. In addition, these same sputum specimens and blood samples were processed for mycobacterial culture (3, 5). Blood samples were also used for HIV testing as described elsewhere (8).The SDHO MTB test (SDHO Laboratories Inc., Canada) utilizes the principle of immunochromatography and is a unique two-site immunoassay on a membrane. As the test sample flows through the membrane assembly of the device, a colored recombinant TB antigen-colloidal gold conjugate complexes with anti-TB antibodies in the sample. This complex moves through the membrane to the test region, where it is immobilized by the recombinant TB antigen coating of the membrane, leading to formation of a colored band which confirms a positive test result. The absence of this colored band in the test region indicates a negative test result. The unreacted conjugate and unbound com...

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“…during 2000-2002 among women of child-bearing age frequenting an antenatal care clinic, and is more than twofold greater than that detected by Matsika-Claquin et al [2004] near Bangassou. The patient population composed of wretched and dejected women who only occasionally visited this rural health facility might explain the high prevalence of HIV infection.…”

Section: Short Reportmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…However, from November 2001 to October 2002, a 14.3% HIV prevalence has been reported among antenatal clinic attendees, 67% of whom lived in urban areas [Matsika-Claquin et al, 2004]. In this study, a higher rate was observed in northern Central African Republic (bordering on Chad and Sudan) than in the South (bordering on the Congo and Democratic Republic of Congo).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In this study, a higher rate was observed in northern Central African Republic (bordering on Chad and Sudan) than in the South (bordering on the Congo and Democratic Republic of Congo). In particular, in the urban area of Bangassou, a <10% HIV prevalence was estimated [Matsika-Claquin et al, 2004]. The lack of data also includes the characterization of HIV-subtypes in the Central African Republic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HIV infection and protease genetic diversity in a rural area of the Southern Central African Republic

et al. 2005

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Thirty-eight of 175 (21.7%) consecutive women of childbearing age from a rural area near Bangassou were tested HIV-positive. Ten protease and two protease/reverse transcriptase sequences (31.5% samples) were obtained. Eight sequences clustered into subtype J, A, G; two sequences were 13_cpx recombinant forms and two were indeterminate. The high proportion of HIV found suggests a recent outbreak of diversified HIV strains.

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HIV epidemic in central african republic: High prevalence rates in both rural and urban areas

Cited by 21 publications

References 18 publications

Induction of Murine Mucosal CCR5-Reactive Antibodies as an Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strategy

Induction of Murine Mucosal CCR5-Reactive Antibodies as an Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strategy

Poor Performance of a Novel Serological Test for Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Bangui, Central African Republic

HIV infection and protease genetic diversity in a rural area of the Southern Central African Republic

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