HIV and the central nervous system

Bensalem, Meriem K.; Berger, Joseph R.

doi:10.1007/s12019-002-0039-3

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…The prevalence of HIV related neurological illnesses in these regions has been described as ranging from 40% to 70% [5][6][7]. There are only a handful of studies on prevalence or occurrence of neurology from regions where clade C virus is dominant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The frequency and profile of neurology in black South African HIV infected (clade C) patients — A hospital-based prospective audit

Modi

Hari

Modi

et al. 2007

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The frequency and profile of neurology in black South African HIV infected (clade C) patients — A hospital-based prospective audit

Modi

Hari

Modi

et al. 2007

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

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“…Such complications are generally observed in advanced stages of the disease, with severe immunodepression. However, 10-20% of HIV-positive patients may develop opportunistic infections even if there is no immunological failure [12]. Among our cases, only one patient with a cerebral toxoplasmosis diagnosis had T-helper CD4 lymphocyte counts greater than 200 cells/mm³.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Neurotoxoplasmosis diagnosis for HIV-1 patients by real-time PCR of cerebrospinal fluid

Nogui¹,

Mattas²,

Júnior³

et al. 2009

Braz J Infect Dis

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Encephalitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii is the most common cause of central nervous system damage in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Toxoplasma may infect any of the brain cells, thus leading to non-specific neurotoxoplasmosis clinical manifestations including focused or non-focused signs and symptoms of central nervous system malfunction. Clinical development ranges from insidious display during weeks to experiencing acute general confusion or ultimately fatal onset. Cerebral toxoplasmosis occurs in advanced stages of immunodeficiency, and the absence of anti-toxoplasmosis antibodies by the immunofluorescence method does not allow us to rule out its diagnosis. As specific therapy begins, diagnosis confirmation is sought through clinical and radiological response. There are few accurate diagnosis methods to confirm such cases. We present a method for T. gondii DNA detection by real time PCR-Multiplex. Fifty-one patients were evaluated; 16 patients had AIDS and a presumptive diagnosis for toxoplasmosis, 23 patients were HIV-positive with further morbidities except neurotoxoplasmosis, and 12 subjects were HIV-negative control patients. Real time PCR-Multiplex was applied to these patients' cephalorachidian liquid with a specific T. gondii genome sequence from the 529bp fragment. This test is usually carried out within four hours. Test sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated according to applicable tables. Toxoplasma gondii assay by real time Multiplex of cephalorachidian fluid was positive for 11 out of 16 patients with AIDS and a presumptive diagnosis for cerebral toxoplasmosis, while none of the 35 control patients displayed such a result. Therefore, this method allowed us to achieve 68.8% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, and 87.8% negative predictive value. Real time PCR on CSF allowed high specificity and good sensitivity among patients who presumably had cerebral toxoplasmosis. Since this is a low invasive method, it could be included in the diagnosis algorithm of patients with AIDS and central nervous system damage.

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“…HIV or opportunistic infections present in the CNS may have a neurological impact, and anywhere from 30 to 60% of HIV-positive individuals will experience neuropsychiatric complications (Bensalem & Berger, 2002;Pearce, 2003). Of these neuropsychiatric complications, psychosis is well documented (Sewell, 1996); however, a diagnosis of schizophrenia is not.…”

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Co-morbidities of Physical Illness

Pagoto¹

2011

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except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) v Individuals with psychological disorders are disproportionately affected by chronic disease, which presents a significant health disparity that is underrecognized and underaddressed. Physical and psychological illnesses co-occur more often than not in clinical populations, and this co-occurrence is associated with greater impairment, lower adherence, poor treatment response, lower quality of life, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates. This book is the first comprehensive resource regarding psychological co-morbidities of physical illness. It serves as both a handbook for clinicians who care for patients with co-morbidities as well as a call for research that increases our understanding of the connection between physical and psychological illness, with the ultimate goal of improving the health of people with psychological disorders.A constellation of behavioral, pharmacological, and physiological factors play a role in the increased risk for disease among individuals with psychological disorders. Behavioral factors include higher rates of smoking, obesity, and unhealthy behaviors. Psychopharmacology has also been implicated given that many drugs promote weight gain and metabolic syndrome. Physiological processes of psychological distress, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction, inflammation, and autonomic dysfunction, can also manifest in the development of chronic disease. In addition to identifying the most prevalent psychological co-morbidities of physical illness, this book explores how behavioral, pharmacological, and physiological factors converge to put individuals with psychological disorders at greater risk for disease.This book is firmly rooted in the philosophy of evidence-based practice and was designed to help narrow the existing research to practice gap. One of the most commonly cited reasons by clinicians for not using evidence-based treatments is that randomized clinical trials do not reflect their consumers who have multiple co-morbidities. Traditionally, randomized clinical trials, by having a disease-specific focus...

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HIV and the central nervous system

Cited by 20 publications

References 109 publications

The frequency and profile of neurology in black South African HIV infected (clade C) patients — A hospital-based prospective audit

The frequency and profile of neurology in black South African HIV infected (clade C) patients — A hospital-based prospective audit

Neurotoxoplasmosis diagnosis for HIV-1 patients by real-time PCR of cerebrospinal fluid

Psychological Co-morbidities of Physical Illness

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