HIV and partner violence: Implications for HIV voluntary counseling and testing programs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Maman, Suzanne; Mbwambo, Jessie; Hogan, Margaret; Kilonzo, Gad P.; Sweat, Michael D.; Weiss, Ellen

doi:10.31899/hiv2.1050

Cited by 54 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This study supports evidence that fear of abandonment among women in resource-poor settings is a major barrier to disclosing to a partner (Medley et al, 2004); in that setting, fear of abandonment is strongly tied to loss of financial support. This agrees with findings from a study of women in urban Tanzania (Maman, Council & Project, 2001), but, to the best of the authors' knowledge, has not yet been reported in Kenya.…”

Section: Theme 2: Barriers To Disclosesupporting

confidence: 92%

Disclosure among HIV-positive women: the role of HIV/AIDS support groups in rural Kenya

Gillett

Parr

2010

African Journal of AIDS Research

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Disclosure by people living with HIV or AIDS is critical for HIV prevention and care. However, many women choose not to disclose their HIV status for fear of negative outcomes, such as blame and rejection. The World Health Organization suggests that HIV/AIDS support groups help to encourage women to disclose their status, but little is known about the role of such groups in Kenya. This study used qualitative research methods to gain insight into rural women's experience of disclosing a positive HIV status and it explores opinions about the role of support groups in relation to disclosure. Focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were conducted with HIV/AIDS support group members and leaders. Thematic analysis showed that the women felt a sense of duty to inform others of their HIV status, particularly in order to prevent HIV transmission and to encourage sexual partners to be tested. There were multiple problems associated with disclosure, and negative outcomes such as blame and rejection were common. Support groups gave the women confidence and provided emotional support, which may have assisted them with coping with the negative outcomes of disclosure. The findings demonstrate that such support may improve women's experience of HIV-status disclosure and possibly even promote disclosure. However, initiatives such as these must protect those who disclose and therefore should take into account the local cultural and economic context.

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Section: Theme 2: Barriers To Disclosesupporting

confidence: 92%

Disclosure among HIV-positive women: the role of HIV/AIDS support groups in rural Kenya

Gillett

Parr

2010

African Journal of AIDS Research

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“…(2) Cohort studies in Africa of HIV-discordant partners (one partner HIV positive and the other HIV negative) show an increased risk of infection among partners who report GBV [39][40][41]. GBV can be more common in HIV-discordant couples; for example, Cohen et al [42] reported a 12-fold increase risk of domestic violence among HIV-positive women in the United States.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-based violence and HIV: relevance for HIV prevention in hyperendemic countries of southern Africa

Andersson

Cockcroft²,

Shea³

2008

Aids

135

114

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Gender-based violence (GBV) is common in southern Africa. Here we use GBV to include sexual and non-sexual physical violence, emotional abuse, and forms of child sexual abuse. A sizeable literature now links GBV and HIV infection.Sexual violence can lead to HIV infection directly, as trauma increases the risk of transmission. More importantly, GBV increases HIV risk indirectly. Victims of childhood sexual abuse are more likely to be HIV positive, and to have high risk behaviours.GBV perpetrators are at risk of HIV infection, as their victims have often been victimised before and have a high risk of infection. Including perpetrators and victims, perhaps one third of the southern African population is involved in the GBV-HIV dynamic.A randomised controlled trial of income enhancement and gender training reduced GBV and HIV risk behaviours, and a trial of a learning programme reported a non-significant reduction in HIV incidence and reduction of male risk behaviours (primary prevention). Interventions among survivors of GBV can reduce their HIV risk (secondary prevention). Various strategies can reduce spread of HIV from infected GBV survivors (tertiary prevention). Dealing with GBV could have an important effect on the HIV epidemic.A policy shift is necessary. HIV prevention policy should recognise the direct and indirect implications of GBV for HIV prevention, the importance of perpetrator dynamics, and that reduction of GBV should be part of HIV prevention programmes. Effective interventions are likely to include a structural component, and a GBV awareness component.

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“…The level of stigma attributed to others represents how the community reaction to HIV is perceived. This perspective may be influenced by the continuous media reporting of individual examples of violence and discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS (Keeten 1999;Maman et al 2001) and the unhelpful responses of community leaders and governments . The high level of attributed stigma surely affects the perceptions of HIV infected individuals which can have a serious impact on the lives of those living with HIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Parallel Scales to Measure HIV-Related Stigma

et al. 2008

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HIV-related stigma is a multidimensional concept which has pervasive effects on the lives of HIV-infected people as well as serious consequences for the management of HIV/AIDS. In this research three parallel stigma scales were developed to assess personal views of stigma, stigma attributed to others, and internalised stigma experienced by HIV-infected individuals. The stigma scales were administered in two samples: a community sample of 1,077 respondents and 317 HIV-infected pregnant women recruited at clinics from the same community in Tshwane (South Africa). A two-factor structure referring to moral judgment and interpersonal distancing was confirmed across scales and sample groups. The internal consistency of the scales was acceptable and evidence of validity is reported. Parallel scales to assess and compare different perspectives of stigma provide opportunities for research aimed at understanding stigma, assessing the consequences or evaluating possible interventions aimed at reducing stigma.

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HIV and partner violence: Implications for HIV voluntary counseling and testing programs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Cited by 54 publications

References 26 publications

Disclosure among HIV-positive women: the role of HIV/AIDS support groups in rural Kenya

Disclosure among HIV-positive women: the role of HIV/AIDS support groups in rural Kenya

Gender-based violence and HIV: relevance for HIV prevention in hyperendemic countries of southern Africa

Development of Parallel Scales to Measure HIV-Related Stigma

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