HIV/AIDS in the Developing World

London, Nikolas; Shukla, Dhananjay; Heiden, David; Rathinam, Sivakumar R.; Arévalo, J. Fernando; Cunningham, Emmett T.

doi:10.1097/iio.0b013e3181d26fcf

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…Studies from South East Asia have shown that CMVR is a neglected disease in this part of the world. [ 3 8 ] The management strategy of CMVR in developing countries is still not at par with developed countries. In developed countries, where oral valganciclovir is the mainstay of therapy, intraocular injections of ganciclovir are the mainstay of therapy in developing countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral valganciclovir in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients suffering from cytomegalovirus retinitis at a tertiary care hospital in North India

Markan

Gupta

Dogra

et al. 2022

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose: To study clinical efficacy of valganciclovir in cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive-positive patients in a tertiary care clinic in a developing nation. Methods: In a retrospective study, systemic and ocular records of HIV patients suffering from CMVR and treated with valganciclovir, were analyzed. Primary outcome measures were involvement of the other eye, incidence of retinal detachment, systemic involvement, and mortality encountered. Secondary outcome measures included change in BCVA. Results: Out of nine patients who were included, two patients developed CMVR in the other eye and only one patient (11.11%) developed retinal detachment during the course of the study. No patient developed any systemic manifestations or had mortality during the course of the study. The change in BCVA was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Use of oral valganciclovir showed good outcome and was found to be a better alternative compared to the use of intravitreal ganciclovir in the literature. Introduction of valganciclovir at an affordable price in developing nations can decrease disease burden.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 3 6 7 ] Data from developing countries have shown high mortality rates in patients with CMVR. [ 8 ] CMV infection is a cofactor in AIDS progression, CMVR, and CMV viremia. They are powerful predictors of mortality.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral valganciclovir in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients suffering from cytomegalovirus retinitis at a tertiary care hospital in North India

Markan

Gupta

Dogra

et al. 2022

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…Poorer availability of HAART in most developing countries is reflected by a higher level of profound immune suppression, with increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. [ 5 ] During the HAART era, there has been an estimated 80% decrease in the incidence of CMV retinitis. [ 6 ] With HAART, there is a reduction in the number of opportunistic infections, improvement in the length and quality of life; patients are less likely to be blind from posterior segment infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anterior segment and external ocular disorders associated with HIV infections in the era of HAART in Chiang Mai University Hospital, a prospective descriptive cross sectional study

2018

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes impairment to the human immune system which leads to immunocompromised conditions, including ocular complications. Several important HIV-associated disorders may involve the anterior segment, ocular surface, and adnexae organ such as dry eye, blepharitis which reduce quality of life of patients. In present, potent antiretroviral therapies HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) has improved the length and quality of life which may lead to an increased prevalence of anterior segment ocular disorders. Hence, this study has been undertaken to identify the prevalence and associated factors of anterior segment and external ocular disorder in HIV infected patients in the era of HAART. A prospective descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in HIV positive patients conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University Hospital, from February 2014 to October 2015. Detail history and ocular examination was carried out to examine for anterior segment and external ocular disorders. A total number of 363 patients were included for this prospective cross-sectional study. From the total of 363 patients, 123 patients had an anterior segment and external ocular disorder which account as the prevalence of 33.9%. The most common anterior segment manifestations was dry eye seen in 36 patients (9.9%), followed by posterior blepharitis (Meibomian gland dysfunction) seen in 23 patients (6.3%) and anterior blepharitis seen in 12 patients (3.3%). Other ocular complications included microvasculopathy, immune recovery uveitis, conjunctivitis, papilloma, anterior uveitis, corneal ulcer, nevus, trichiasis, molluscum contangiosum, Kaposi sarcoma, interstitial keratitis, conjunctival lymphangiectasia, dacryocystitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis and eyelid penicilosis. In this study, the prevalance of anterior segment disorders was higher than in the preHAART era. Dry eye, blepharitis and uveitis were the top three most common anterior segment disorders in the HAART era. The statistical analysis showed no association between age, sex, CD4 count, duration of infection or receiving HAART and anterior segment disorders. Anterior segment abnormalities reduce the quality of life of patients, so ophthalmologists have to be aware and complete ocular examination should be performed in all HIV infected patients.

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“…[ 2 3 ] It is the predominant cause of posterior uveitis in immunocompetent individuals, and second only to cytomegalovirus infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. [ 4 5 6 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical features and risk factors of patients with presumed ocular toxoplasmosis

Fuh

Omoti

Enock

2016

J Ophthalmic Vis Res

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Purpose:To determine the clinical features and risk factors of presumed ocular toxoplasmosis (POT) in patients affected with the condition at Irrua, Nigeria.Methods:The study included 69 patients with POT, and 69 age and sex matched subjects who served as the control group. Data was obtained using interviewer administered questionnaires. Examination included measurement of visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), slit lamp examination, gonioscopy and dilated fundus examination.Results:Mean age of cases and control subjects was 57.16 ± 18.69 and 56.09 ± 16.01 years respectively. The peak age group in patients with POT was 60 years and above. The most common presenting complaint was blurred vision occurring in 100% of cases. Drinking unfiltered water in 58 (84.1%) patients was the most common risk factor. Other risk factors included post cataract surgery status in 32 (46.4%) subjects, ingestion of poorly cooked meat in 30 (43.5%) cases and exposure to cats in 9 (13.0%) patients. All risk factors were more common in POT patients (P < 0.05). Out of 69 patients, 62 (89.9%) had unilateral while 7 (10.1%) had bilateral involvement. Out of 76 eyes with uveitis, 53 (69.7%) were blind. Active disease was significantly more common with increasing age (P < 0.05).Conclusion:Patients with POT were rather old and some risk factors were modifiable, therefore health education for preventing the transmission of toxoplasmosis and provision of sanitary water may help reduce the incidence of ocular toxoplasmosis.

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HIV/AIDS in the Developing World

Cited by 7 publications

References 53 publications

Oral valganciclovir in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients suffering from cytomegalovirus retinitis at a tertiary care hospital in North India

Oral valganciclovir in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients suffering from cytomegalovirus retinitis at a tertiary care hospital in North India

Anterior segment and external ocular disorders associated with HIV infections in the era of HAART in Chiang Mai University Hospital, a prospective descriptive cross sectional study

Clinical features and risk factors of patients with presumed ocular toxoplasmosis

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