HIV-2 Interaction with Target Cell Receptors, or Why HIV-2 is Less Pathogenic than HIV-1

Azevedo‐Pereira, José Miguel

doi:10.5772/53201

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 187 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…HIV-infected individuals have a higher chance, as high as 19%, of contracting primary TB, and have a risk of latent TB reactivation of up to 10% per year [ 27 ]. HIV is an enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the family of Retroviridae, subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, and genus Lentivirus [ 28 ]. There are two strains of HIV, which are HIV-1 and HIV-2.…”

Section: Hiv Pathogenesis and Host Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

A Role of Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors (3, 7, and 9) in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Co-Infection with HIV

Nguyen

Gazy

Venketaraman

2020

IJMS

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a highly infectious acid-fast bacillus and is known to cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It is a leading cause of death from a sole infectious agent, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths yearly worldwide, and up to one third of the world’s population has been infected with TB. The virulence and susceptibility of Mtb are further amplified in the presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Coinfection with Mtb and HIV forms a lethal combination. Previous studies had demonstrated the synergistic effects of Mtb and HIV, with one disease accelerating the disease progression of the other through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune response to these two pathogens. The response of the endosomal pattern recognition receptors to these two pathogens, specifically toll-like receptors (TLR)-3, -7, and -9, has not been elucidated, with some studies producing mixed results. This article seeks to review the roles of TLR-3, -7, and -9 in response to Mtb infection, as well as Mtb-HIV-coinfection via Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing INF-β (TRIF)-dependent and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathways.

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Section: Hiv Pathogenesis and Host Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%