HIV‐1 Superinfection in an HIV‐2–Infected Woman with Subsequent Control of HIV‐1 Plasma Viremia

Günthard, Huldrych F.; Huber, Markus; Küster, Herbert; Shah, Cyril; Schüpbach, Jörg; Trkola, Alexandra; Böni, Jürg

doi:10.1086/598987

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…The first documented cases of HIV superinfection were found in individuals with various modes of transmission and included inter-and intrasubtype cases (1,9,17). Subsequently, multiple studies have documented superinfection in small populations of high-risk individuals (2,3,7,8,11,13,17,20,22,23,26,29). The rate of HIV superinfection in these high-risk groups was relatively frequent and was comparable to the incidence rate in similar populations from the same regions, especially if multiple viral genes were examined (3,13,14,21,24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of HIV Superinfection in Seroconcordant Couples in Rakai, Uganda, by Use of Next-Generation Deep Sequencing

Redd

Collinson-Streng

Martens³

et al. 2011

J Clin Microbiol

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HIV superinfection, which occurs when a previously infected individual acquires a new distinct HIV strain, has been described in a number of populations. Previous methods to detect superinfection have involved a combination of labor-intensive assays with various rates of success. We designed and tested a next-generation sequencing (NGS) protocol to identify HIV superinfection by targeting two regions of the HIV viral genome, p24 and gp41. The method was validated by mixing control samples infected with HIV subtype A or D at different ratios to determine the inter-and intrasubtype sensitivity by NGS. This amplicon-based NGS protocol was able to consistently identify distinct intersubtype strains at ratios of 1% and intrasubtype variants at ratios of 5%. By using stored samples from the Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS) in Uganda, 11 individuals who were HIV seroconcordant but virally unlinked from their spouses were then tested by this method to detect superinfection between 2002 and 2005. Two female cases of HIV intersubtype superinfection (18.2%) were identified. These results are consistent with other African studies and support the hypothesis that HIV superinfection occurs at a relatively high rate. Our results indicate that NGS can be used for detection of HIV superinfection within large cohorts, which could assist in determining the incidence and the epidemiologic, virologic, and immunological correlates of this phenomenon.

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confidence: 99%

Identification of HIV Superinfection in Seroconcordant Couples in Rakai, Uganda, by Use of Next-Generation Deep Sequencing

Redd

Collinson-Streng

Martens³

et al. 2011

J Clin Microbiol

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“…Still, HIV-2 infection may have mitigated the consequences of HIV-1 infection. Indeed, it has been reported that HIV-1 plasma viremia may be controlled following superinfection in an HIV-2-infected woman (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potent Intratype Neutralizing Activity Distinguishes Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) from HIV-1

Şahin

Holmgren

Silva

et al. 2012

J Virol

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HIV-2 has a lower pathogenicity and transmission rate than HIV-1. Neutralizing antibodies could be contributing to these observations. Here we explored side by side the potency and breadth of intratype and intertype neutralizing activity (NAc) in plasma of 20 HIV-1-, 20 HIV-2-, and 11 dually HIV-1/2 (HIV-D)-seropositive individuals from Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Panels of primary isolates, five HIV-1 and five HIV-2 isolates, were tested in a plaque reduction assay using U87.CD4-CCR5 cells as targets. Intratype NAc in HIV-2 plasma was found to be considerably more potent and also broader than intratype NAc in HIV-1 plasma. This indicates that HIV-2-infected individuals display potent type-specific neutralizing antibodies, whereas such strong type-specific antibodies are absent in HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, the potency of intratype NAc was positively associated with the viral load of HIV-1 but not HIV-2, suggesting that NAc in HIV-1 infection is more antigen stimulation dependent than in HIV-2 infection, where plasma viral loads typically are at least 10-fold lower than in HIV-1 infection. Intertype NAc of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections was, instead, of low potency. HIV-D subjects had NAc to HIV-2 with similar high potency as singly HIV-2-infected individuals, whereas neutralization of HIV-1 remained poor, indicating that the difference in NAc between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections depends on the virus itself. We suggest that immunogenicity and/or antigenicity, meaning the neutralization phenotype, of HIV-2 is distinct from that of HIV-1 and that HIV-2 may display structures that favor triggering of potent neutralizing antibody responses.

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“…HIV-2 is rare outside of West Africa, Mozambique, Angola and southwest India. A few people might be coinfected with both viruses, and HIV-2 does not induce immunity to prevent HIV-1 superinfection, nor vice versa [10]; doubly infected patients develop an immunodeficiency and all the signs of AIDS earlier. Until now, a recombinant virus composed of parts of HIV-1 and HIV-2 has not been found in humans.…”

Section: Origin Of the Types And Groups Of Hiv And Its Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Types, Groups, Subtypes and Recombinant Forms: Errors in Replication, Selection Pressure and Quasispecies

Eberle

Gürtler

2012

Intervirology

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HIV-1 is a chimpanzee virus which was transmitted to humans by several zoonotic events resulting in infection with HIV-1 groups M–P, and in parallel transmission events from sooty mangabey monkey viruses leading to infections with HIV-2 groups A–H. Both viruses have circulated in the human population for about 80 years. In the infected patient, HIV mutates, and by elimination of some of the viruses by the action of the immune system individual quasispecies are formed. Along with the selection of the fittest viruses, mutation and recombination after superinfection with HIV from different groups or subtypes have resulted in the diversity of their patterns of geographic distribution. Despite the high variability observed, some essential parts of the HIV genome are highly conserved. Viral diversity is further facilitated in some parts of the HIV genome by drug selection pressure and may also be enhanced by different genetic factors, including HLA in patients from different regions of the world. Viral and human genetic factors influence pathogenesis. Viral genetic factors are proteins such as Tat, Vif and Rev. Human genetic factors associated with a better clinical outcome are proteins such as APOBEC, langerin, tetherin and chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and HLA B27, B57, DRB1*1303, KIR and PARD3B.

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HIV‐1 Superinfection in an HIV‐2–Infected Woman with Subsequent Control of HIV‐1 Plasma Viremia

Cited by 28 publications

References 28 publications

Identification of HIV Superinfection in Seroconcordant Couples in Rakai, Uganda, by Use of Next-Generation Deep Sequencing

Identification of HIV Superinfection in Seroconcordant Couples in Rakai, Uganda, by Use of Next-Generation Deep Sequencing

Potent Intratype Neutralizing Activity Distinguishes Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) from HIV-1

HIV Types, Groups, Subtypes and Recombinant Forms: Errors in Replication, Selection Pressure and Quasispecies

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