HIV-1 Subtype A in Canada

Montpetit, Michael L.

doi:10.1089/aid.1995.11.1421

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Although several non-B subtypes have been characterized in Canada and account for up to 10% of Canadian HIV cases, most are associated with immigration [297]. However there are sporadic cases of non-B subtypes among native-born North American patients with no known contacts to endemic areas, indicating possible integration new strains of HIV into the local population [54,196,236,320].…”

Section: Americasmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Genetic Diversity: Biological and Public Health Consequences

Butler¹,

Pandrea²,

Marx³

et al. 2007

CHR

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The devastating consequences of AIDS pandemic will probably only be controlled when a vaccine is developed that is safe, effective, affordable, and simple enough to permit implementation in developing countries where the impact of AIDS is most severe. However, the major obstacle for the control of the spread of AIDS lies in the diversity of HIV and its enormous evolutionary potential. Numerous HIV forms contribute to the AIDS pandemic. Two viral types (HIV-1 and HIV-2), numerous groups (M, N and O for HIV-1 and A through H for HIV-2) and numerous subtypes, sub-subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRF) have emerged during the last 50 years. At least nine different genetic HIV-1 subtypes and over 20 CRFs were defined within group M, which accounts for the majority of cases in the AIDS pandemic. Even though HIV-1 subtype C and A predominate globally, the other viral forms co-circulate all over the world and may have a major impact for the strategies of pandemic control. Here we discuss the distribution of these divergent viral forms worldwide and the potential consequences of such a tremendous viral diversity for diagnostic, monitoring, treatment and the development of an effective vaccine.

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Section: Americasmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Genetic Diversity: Biological and Public Health Consequences

Butler¹,

Pandrea²,

Marx³

et al. 2007

CHR

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“…Subtype C is also present in Asia (India and China), and subtype G is also present in Russia (7,12,29). The African subtypes (A, C, and D) and the Asian subtype (E) have also been identified in North America and in European countries (9,13,14,32,48). All the subtypes are present in Africa, including B (detected in West Africa), E (Central African Republic), and F (Cameroon) (1,35,38).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extent of Antigenic Diversity in the V3 Region of the Surface Glycoprotein, gp120, of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M and Consequences for Serotyping

Plantier

Pogam

Poisson

et al. 1998

J Virol

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) may be studied by molecular or immunological approaches. Most analyses have been performed by genetic comparison of isolates and have led to the definition of clades or subtypes within the major (M) group of HIV-1. Five subtypes (A to E) were initially identified by comparison of genomic sequences. Four new subtypes (F to I) were identified more recently. Amino acid differences in the immunogenic V3 loop between isolates have also been studied, leading to a phenetic classification of at least 14 clusters (1 to 14) of sequences (B. T. M. Korber, K. McInnes, R. F. Smith, and G. Myers, J. Virol. 68:6730–6744, 1994). In this study, we compared the antigenicity of the V3 consensus sequences defined by phylogenetic analysis to the antigenicity of those defined by phenetic analysis. We used a recently developed subtype-specific enzyme immunoassay (SSEIA) that uses the principle of blocking with an excess of peptide in the liquid phase. Two SSEIAs were performed, the first with five V3 sequences defined by phylogenetic analysis and the second with 14 V3 sequences defined by phenetic analysis. A total of 168 HIV-1 sera taken from seropositive individuals from seven different countries or regions were studied. Experimental and statistical data, including correlation matrix and cluster analyses, demonstrated associations between the genetic subtypes and phenetically associated groups. Most of these were predicted by Korber et al. (J. Virol. 68:6730–6744, 1994) by theoretical analysis. We also found that V3 sequences can be grouped into between three and five antigenically unrelated categories. Residues that may be responsible for major antigenic differences were identified at the apex of the V3 loop, within the octapeptide xIGPGxxx, where x represents the critical positions. Our study provides evidence that there is a limited number of V3 serotypes which could be easily monitored by serological assays to study the diversity and dynamics of HIV-1 strains.

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“…Group M is most prevalent and is further subdivided into at least nine subtypes: A to D, F to H, J, and K. Subtype B is found primarily in North America and Europe, while non-subtype B strains are predominant in Africa and Asia (4). Nonetheless, cocirculation of distinct HIV-1 subtypes has been reported in numerous geographical locations, including North America (26,36). The accurate quantification of the different HIV subtypes is warranted, since an underestimation of the HIV viral load can lead to suboptimal patient management.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multicenter Comparison of Roche COBAS AMPLICOR MONITOR Version 1.5, Organon Teknika NucliSens QT with Extractor, and Bayer Quantiplex Version 3.0 for Quantification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma

Murphy

Côté

Fauvel³

et al. 2000

J Clin Microbiol

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The performance and characteristics of Roche COBAS AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR version 1.5 (CA MONITOR 1.5) UltraSensitive (usCA MONITOR 1.5) and Standard (stCA MONITOR 1.5) procedures, Organon Teknika NucliSens HIV-1 RNA QT with Extractor (NucliSens), and Bayer Quantiplex HIV RNA version 3.0 (bDNA 3.0) were compared in a multicenter trial. Samples used in this study included 460 plasma specimens from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons, 100 plasma specimens from HIV antibody (anti-HIV)-negative persons, and culture supernatants of HIV-1 subtype A to E isolates diluted in anti-HIV-negative plasma. Overall, bDNA 3.0 showed the least variation in RNA measures upon repeat testing. For the Roche assays, usCA MONITOR 1.5 displayed less variation in RNA measures than stCA MONITOR 1.5. NucliSens, at an input volume of 2 ml, showed the best sensitivity. Deming regression analysis indicated that the results of all three assays were significantly correlated (P < 0.0001). However, the mean difference in values between CA MONITOR 1.5 and bDNA 3.0 (0.274 log10 RNA copies/ml; 95% confidence interval, 0.192 to 0.356) was significantly different from 0, indicating that CA MONITOR 1.5 values were regularly higher than bDNA 3.0 values. Upon testing of 100 anti-HIV-negative plasma specimens, usCA MONITOR 1.5 and NucliSens displayed 100% specificity, while bDNA 3.0 showed 98% specificity. NucliSens quantified 2 of 10 non-subtype B viral isolates at 1 log10 lower than both CA MONITOR 1.5 and bDNA 3.0. For NucliSens, testing of specimens with greater than 1,000 RNA copies/ml at input volumes of 0.1, 0.2, and 2.0 ml did not affect the quality of results. Additional factors differing between assays included specimen throughput and volume requirements, limit of detection, ease of execution, instrument work space, and costs of disposal. These characteristics, along with assay performance, should be considered when one is selecting a viral load assay.

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HIV-1 Subtype A in Canada

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

HIV Genetic Diversity: Biological and Public Health Consequences

HIV Genetic Diversity: Biological and Public Health Consequences

Extent of Antigenic Diversity in the V3 Region of the Surface Glycoprotein, gp120, of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M and Consequences for Serotyping

Multicenter Comparison of Roche COBAS AMPLICOR MONITOR Version 1.5, Organon Teknika NucliSens QT with Extractor, and Bayer Quantiplex Version 3.0 for Quantification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma

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