HIV-1 strains from India are highly divergent from prototypic African and US/European strains, but are linked to a South African isolate

Dietrich, Ursula; Grez, Manuel; H, von Briesen; Panhans, B; Geissendorfer, M.; Kühnel, H; Maniar, Janak K.; Mahambre, G; Wb, Becker; Ml, Becker

doi:10.1097/00002030-199301000-00003

Cited by 97 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Among the first previously recognized subtype C sequences were those found in neighboring Zambia in the early 1990s (23). It is reasonable to assume that subtype C spread from central Africa to both eastern and southern Africa (and subsequently to Asia) (8,37), and it has been estimated that subtype C was introduced into Ethiopia in 1983 (1). Subtypes A, C, and D predominate in southern Tanzania (16), and A and D predominate in most of east Africa (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sequences MaK30, MaK07, MaF33, MaF37, MaF53, MaF48, MaF65, MaF06, and MaF14 (open boxes) were derived from samples collected in the 1990s from individuals living in the Karonga District. Sequences from the Los Alamos database (light grey shading) are as follows: Malawi, MW965, MW954, MW960, and U07237 (11) and SH750 (4); Senegal, SE365 (21,22); Somalia, SM145 (21,22); Zambia, L22954 and SM145 (21,22), U86770 and U86778 (39), and 93ZM45 (7); Ethiopia, U15061 and CET86 (40) and 94ET93, 94ET78, and 97ET65 (7); South Africa, GOM and KON (4); Brazil, U52953 (12); India, AF067155, AF067158, and AF067157 (20), ABO23804 (24), AF209990 (S. Gupta, K. Arora, A. Gupta, and V. K. Chaudhary; direct on-line submission to GenBank), HIV1D760 and HIV1D747 (8), and HIV100710 (15); Botswana, C96BW11, C96BW02, C96BW16, C96BW17, C96BW04, C96BW15, C96BW01, and C96BW12 (27); Kenya, MM1324 and MM9846 (26); Djibouti, DJ259 (21,22); Burundi, BU9107, BU9105, and BU9103 (30); Rwanda, 92RW009 (11) and M134 and M439 (18); Uganda, UG268 (21,22) and 93UG66 (7). AUG92 (13) and AKE94 (35) are subtype A reference sequences used as outgroup sequences; the true lengths of their branches are not indicated on the trees.…”

Section: Subtypingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Early Evolution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Epidemic in Rural Malawi

McCormack

Glynn

Crampin

et al. 2002

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subtypingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Evolution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Epidemic in Rural Malawi

McCormack

Glynn

Crampin

et al. 2002

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Among the various subtypes, subtype C is predominant and is associated with Ͼ50% of all HIV-1 infections (10,12,38) and with the establishment and rapid growth of epidemics in India, China, Brazil, and the southern and eastern parts of Africa. Although the preponderance of HIV infections in India appear to be associated with subtype C viruses, several studies have reported the prevalences of subtypes A, B, D, AE, and Thai B (2,13,19,53), as well as the recombinant forms (27), at rates varying from 0 to 100% (5,8,15,28,45,49). It is not clear if the extensive proliferation of subtype C viruses might be attributed to demographic or genetic factors unique to these populations or to the presence of intrinsic viral biologic properties that offer potential advantages (11,40,41).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Subtype-Specific PCR and Its Use in the Characterization of Viruses Circulating in the Southern Parts of India

Siddappa

Dash

Mahadevan³

et al. 2004

J Clin Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C viruses are associated with nearly half of worldwide HIV-1 infections and are most predominant in India and the southern and eastern parts of Africa. Earlier reports from India identified the preponderance of subtype C and a small proportion of subtype A viruses. Subsequent reports identifying multiple subtypes suggest new introductions and/or their detection due to extended screening. The southern parts of India constitute emerging areas of the epidemic, but it is not known whether HIV-1 infection in these areas is associated with subtype C viruses or is due to the potential new introduction of non-subtype C viruses. Here, we describe the development of a specific and sensitive PCR-based strategy to identify subtype C-viruses (C-PCR). The strategy is based on amplifying a region encompassing a long terminal repeat and gag in the first round, followed by two sets of nested primers; one amplifies multiple subtypes, while the other is specific to subtype C. The common HIV and subtype C-specific fragments are distinguishable by length differences in agarose gels and by the difference in the numbers of NF-B sites encoded in the subtype C-specific fragment. We implemented this method to screen 256 HIV-1-infected individuals from 35 towns and cities in four states in the south and a city in the east. With the exception of single samples of subtypes A and B and a B/C recombinant, we found all to be infected with subtype C viruses, and the subtype assignments were confirmed in a subset by using heteroduplex mobility assays and phylogenetic analysis of sequences. We propose the use of C-PCR to facilitate rapid molecular epidemiologic characterization to aid vaccine and therapeutic strategies.

show abstract

“…HIV-1 subtype C virus predominates in southern Africa as well as India (9,25,36,38) and is the most prevalent HIV-1 subtype globally (26). In contrast to subtype B, most studies of subtype C viruses have demonstrated an overwhelming predominance of R5-tropic viruses at various stages of disease, including advanced AIDS (2,4,30,37).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High Frequency of Syncytium-Inducing and CXCR4-Tropic Viruses among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment

Johnston

Zijenah²,

Mutetwa

et al. 2003

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C viruses have been found to almost exclusively use the chemokine receptor CCR5 as a coreceptor for entry, even in patients with advanced AIDS. We have characterized subtype C virus isolates from 28 patients from Harare, Zimbabwe, 20 of whom were receiving antiretroviral treatment. Virus from 10 of the treated patients induced syncytium formation (SI virus) when cultured with MT2 cells. Only non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) virus was cultured from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the eight patients who had not received treatment. The majority of these subtype C SI viruses were capable of using both CCR5 and CXCR4 as coreceptors for viral entry, and the consensus V3 loop sequences from the SI viruses displayed a high net charge compared to those of NSI viruses. While those on treatment had reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease mutations, there was no clear association between RT and protease drug resistance mutations and coreceptor tropism. These results suggest that CXCR4-tropic viruses are present within the quasispecies of patients infected with subtype C virus and that antiretroviral treatment may create an environment for the emergence of CXCR4 tropism.

show abstract

HIV-1 strains from India are highly divergent from prototypic African and US/European strains, but are linked to a South African isolate

Cited by 97 publications

References 0 publications

Early Evolution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Epidemic in Rural Malawi

Early Evolution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Epidemic in Rural Malawi

Identification of Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Subtype-Specific PCR and Its Use in the Characterization of Viruses Circulating in the Southern Parts of India

High Frequency of Syncytium-Inducing and CXCR4-Tropic Viruses among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About