HIV-1 Diversity and Its Implications in Diagnosis, Transmission, Disease Progression, and Antiretroviral Therapy

Bártolo, Inês; Taveira, Nuno

doi:10.5772/34131

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 310 publications

(206 reference statements)

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“…Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length or specific regions of the HIV-1 genome demonstrate a genetic variability which results into classifying the virus into groups M, N, O and P [3]. The pandemic group M is further classified into nine subtypes A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J and K. This diversity has an impact on diagnosis, replication, development of mutations, treatment response as well as the ability to form recombinant viruses during co-infection [4]. Globally, different subtypes of HIV-1 circulate unevenly in different geographical regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-1 Diversity in Tanzania and its Implication toward Development of Effective Vaccines: A Review Article

2014

J Vaccines Vaccin

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Background: Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are characterized by extremely high genetic variability. This extensive heterogeneity resulted from high error rate of reverse transcriptase enzyme in combination with fast turnover of virions among HIV-infected individuals. With geographical distribution of subtypes its evolution and unpredictable process and intermixing of HIV-1 variants is inevitable. Recombinant viruses contribute already substantially to the global pandemic especially in sub-Saharan African. East Africa studies has shown more complex mixture of HIV-1 Subtypes and associated recombinant virus especially in Tanzania.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-1 Diversity in Tanzania and its Implication toward Development of Effective Vaccines: A Review Article

2014

J Vaccines Vaccin

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Diversity within the Immunodominant Epitopes of Envelope gp41 HIV-1 in Kenya and Its Effects on Performance of the HIV-1 Antibody-Based Detection Kits

Kimotho¹

2015

AJIM

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Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is characterized by high rates of genetic variability in vivo that could affect the performance of the HIV-1 Antibody-Based Detection Kits in use in Kenya. Objective: This study aimed at establishing the diversity of Envelope gp41 Epitopes and its effects on performance of the currently used HIV diagnostic kits in Kenya. Methods: Two hundred (200) HIV positives and 200 HIV negatives samples were collected from the Regional Blood Transfusion Centers (RBTCs) in Kenya. Viral RNA was extracted from 96 HIV Positive samples and sequenced on gp41immunodominant region (IDR).The sequences obtained were analyzed using various applications in the Los Alamos HIV Database. The HIV gp41-IDR consensus sequence generated was used to synthesize gp41 IDR peptide. The Global HIV gp41-IDR Consensus nucleotide sequence was obtained from literature and used also to synthesis corresponding gp41 IDR peptide. The two peptides were used to prepare HIV Testing ELISA kits. The 400 plasma samples that had been collected from this study from RBTCs were tested using five HIV testing kits approved for use in Kenya. The same samples were tested using the two ELISA system developed. Results: The HIV Consensus gp41-IDR peptide from Kenya displays a similarity of 93.0% against HXB2 sequence and 95.3% against Global HIV Consensus gp41-IDR amino acid sequence. There were 331 (7.8%) substitutions in the Consensus gp41-IDR peptides (Kenya) out of which 151substitutions were due to the substitution in positions A 96 →N (n = 79) and A 101 →S (n = 75). Both Consensus gp41-IDR peptides (Kenya) and Consensus gp41-IDR peptides (Global) showed common substitutions rate of 4.2% (n = 151). All the kits that were used showed 100% agreement in results. Conclusion: Although the HIV Consensus gp41-IDR peptides (Kenya) showed marked substitutions in respect to Consensus gp41-IDR peptide (Global) there was no difference in effects on the performance of the HIV-1 Antibody-Based Detection Kits in use in Kenya.

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HIV-1 Diversity, Transmission Dynamics and Primary Drug Resistance in Angola

et al. 2014

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ObjectivesTo assess HIV-1 diversity, transmission dynamics and prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in Angola, five years after ART scale-up.MethodsPopulation sequencing of the pol gene was performed on 139 plasma samples collected in 2009 from drug-naive HIV-1 infected individuals living in Luanda. HIV-1 subtypes were determined using phylogenetic analysis. Drug resistance mutations were identified using the Calibrated Population Resistance Tool (CPR). Transmission networks were determined using phylogenetic analysis of all Angolan sequences present in the databases. Evolutionary trends were determined by comparison with a similar survey performed in 2001.Results47.1% of the viruses were pure subtypes (all except B), 47.1% were recombinants and 5.8% were untypable. The prevalence of subtype A decreased significantly from 2001 to 2009 (40.0% to 10.8%, P = 0.0019) while the prevalence of unique recombinant forms (URFs) increased>2-fold (40.0% to 83.1%, P<0.0001). The most frequent URFs comprised untypable sequences with subtypes H (U/H, n = 7, 10.8%), A (U/A, n = 6, 9.2%) and G (G/U, n = 4, 6.2%). Newly identified U/H recombinants formed a highly supported monophyletic cluster suggesting a local and common origin. TDR mutation K103N was found in one (0.7%) patient (1.6% in 2001). Out of the 364 sequences sampled for transmission network analysis, 130 (35.7%) were part of a transmission network. Forty eight transmission clusters were identified; the majority (56.3%) comprised sequences sampled in 2008–2010 in Luanda which is consistent with a locally fuelled epidemic. Very low genetic distance was found in 27 transmission pairs sampled in the same year, suggesting recent transmission events.ConclusionsTransmission of drug resistant strains was still negligible in Luanda in 2009, five years after the scale-up of ART. The dominance of small and recent transmission clusters and the emergence of new URFs are consistent with a rising HIV-1 epidemics mainly driven by heterosexual transmission.

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HIV-1 Diversity and Its Implications in Diagnosis, Transmission, Disease Progression, and Antiretroviral Therapy

Cited by 4 publications

References 310 publications

HIV-1 Diversity in Tanzania and its Implication toward Development of Effective Vaccines: A Review Article

HIV-1 Diversity in Tanzania and its Implication toward Development of Effective Vaccines: A Review Article

Diversity within the Immunodominant Epitopes of Envelope gp41 HIV-1 in Kenya and Its Effects on Performance of the HIV-1 Antibody-Based Detection Kits

HIV-1 Diversity, Transmission Dynamics and Primary Drug Resistance in Angola

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