“…Formulations of HPD tend to originate in the psychodynamic and psychoanalytic schools (Hingley, 2001), although brief psychodynamic (Dorfman, 2000), radical behavioural (Koerner, Kohlenberg, & Parker, 1996), cognitive (Beck & Freeman, 1990), cognitive‐behavioural (Kraus & Reynolds, 2001; Rasmussen, 2005), functional analytic (Callaghan, Summers, & Wieldman, 2003), interpersonal (Benjamin, 1996) and the use of hypnosis (McNeal, 2003) approaches are also available. Across all such schools (including that of radical behavioural), therapeutic emphasis is firmly placed upon interpersonal processes, with overly diffuse identities (Horowitz, 2004) and conflicting states of mind (Horowitz, 1997), playing important maintaining roles in HPD presentations.…”