History repeats itself: Role of characterizing flavors on nicotine use and abuse

Patten, Theresa; Biasi, Mariella De

doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108162

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 250 publications

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“…Evidence from human literature supports the idea of sex differences in relation to perceived palatably of flavored tobacco products. Women are more likely than men to use characterizing flavored products and to value flavor availability (Kistler et al, 2017;Patten and De Biasi, 2020;Perkins, 1999;Perkins et al, 2001;Soneji et al, 2019;Xiao et al, 2019). Furthermore, there is evidence that women are more driven by the sensory aspect of smoking, as opposed to the pharmacological effects of nicotine (Perkins, 1999;Perkins et al, 2001a;US Surgeon General, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, the study by Palmatier and colleagues (Palmatier et al, 2019) included only male subjects. Women show a slightly higher preference for-and use of-ecigarettes with characterizing flavors, and they may be more sensitive to the sensory components of vaping/smoking (Kistler et al, 2017;Patten and De Biasi, 2020;Perkins, 1999;Perkins et al, 2001;Soneji et al, 2019;Xiao et al, 2019). Overall, there is a need to better understand the influence of flavored additives on nicotine intake levels, especially in females and in adolescents.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Exposure to fruit-flavoring during adolescence increases nicotine consumption and promotes dose escalation

Patten

Dreier

Herman

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The rise of e-cigarette popularity has sparked interest in the role of palatable flavors on nicotine use. Despite growing evidence that sweet flavorants enhance nicotine reward, their influence on nicotine consumption has not been studied extensively. In addition, the impact that flavored nicotine use in adolescence could have on nicotine reward and dependence in adulthood remains unclear. This study examined the role of flavored nicotine access on nicotine preference and consumption longitudinally, from adolescence to adulthood. Male and female adolescent mice preferred a fruit-flavored nicotine solution. However, only adolescent female mice with access to flavored nicotine consumed higher doses. Furthermore, while adolescent male mice escalated consumption of both flavored and unflavored nicotine, female mice only escalated when given access to flavored nicotine. As mice matured into adulthood, there was no evidence that a history of flavored-nicotine access altered preference for unflavored nicotine. However, when the nicotine concentration was reduced, mice that had consumed strawberry-flavored nicotine in adolescence maintained baseline nicotine consumption levels longer than mice that initiated nicotine use without flavor in adolescence. Finally, addition of fruit-flavorants into the nicotine solution during adulthood led to increased levels of nicotine consumption, regardless of previous flavored-nicotine access or of familiarity with the selected flavorant. These results indicate that flavorants increase nicotine consumption independent of life stage, possibly posing a disproportionate risk to adolescent females. Our results also point to an effect of adolescent flavored-nicotine use on nicotine dose maintenance in adulthood, which could have implications for the success of future quit attempts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to fruit-flavoring during adolescence increases nicotine consumption and promotes dose escalation

Patten

Dreier

Herman

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Perception of sweet flavour in vaping products has been shown to produce greater appeal and perceived sweetness ratings among young vapers ( Goldenson et al, 2016 ). Moreover, sweet perception and appealing flavours can enhance nicotine reward reinforcing effects in vaping and other tobacco products ( Kroemer et al, 2018 ; Patten and De Biasi 2020 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open Characterization of Vaping Liquids in Canada: Chemical Profiles and Trends

et al. 2021

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Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive data on the diversity of chemicals present in vaping liquids. To address this gap, a non-targeted analysis of 825 vaping liquids collected between 2017 and 2019 from Canadian retailers was conducted. Prior to mass spectrometry analysis, samples were diluted 1:500 v/v with methanol or acetonitrile. Chemical compound separation and analysis was carried out using gas chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) systems operated in the full scan mode and mass range of 35–450 m/z. Mass spectrum for each sample was obtained in electron ionization at 70 eV and processed. Non-targeted identification workflow included use of automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system (AMDIS), where required, as well as a number of commercially available spectral libraries. In order to validate identities, an in-house database of expected compounds previously detected in vaping liquids was used along with genuine analytical standards for compounds of interest. This resulted in a dataset of over 1,500 unique detected chemicals. Approximately half of these chemical compounds were detected only once in a single product and not in multiple products analyzed. For any sample analyzed, on average, 40% of the chemical constituents appeared to have flavouring properties. The remainder were nicotine and related alkaloids, processing, degradation or indirect additives, natural extractives and compounds with unknown roles. Data published here from the project on the Open Characterization of vaping liquids is unique as it offers a detailed understanding of products’ flavour chemical profiles, the presence and frequency of chemicals of potential health concern, as well as trends and changes in products’ chemical complexity over a three-year period. Non-targeted chemical surveillance such as this present valuable tools to public health officials and researchers in responding to emergent issues such as vaping associated lung injury or informing chemical based strategies which may be aimed at addressing product safety or appeal.

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“…Further, it remains unknown whether added flavors reduce aversive sensations from eCigs via mixture suppression, or if other flavors improve the appeal of eCigs beyond tobacco or menthol flavors because these other flavors are appealing in and of themselves: both mechanisms may be at play. Flavor science is a mature field, and the tobacco industry has actively employed sensory scientists for over half a century (see Patten and De Biasi, 2020). Addiction researchers working on combustible tobacco, eCigs, and other electronic nicotine delivery systems may benefit 10.3389/fnins.2022.918082 from incorporating psychophysical and chemosensory expertise into their work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavor science in the context of research on electronic cigarettes

Hayes

Baker

2022

Front. Neurosci.

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Thousands start smoking or vaping daily, despite long-standing efforts by public health authorities to curb initiation and use of nicotine containing products. Over the last 15 years, use of electronic nicotine delivery systems has increased dramatically, with a diverse range of products on the market, including pod-based, disposable, and refillable electronic cigarettes (eCigs). Originally intended for harm reduction and smoking cessation, eCigs may encourage nicotine use among never smokers, given the vast range of appealing flavors that are available. To better understand abuse liability and to facilitate appropriate regulations, it is crucial to understand the science of flavor, and flavor perception within the context of eCig use. Here, we (a) provide a brief primer on chemosensory perception and flavor science for addiction and nicotine researchers, and (b) highlight existing some literature regarding flavor and nicotine use, with specific attention given to individual differences in perception, and interaction between different sensory modalities that contribute to flavor. Dramatic increases in use of eCigs highlights the importance of flavor science in contemporary addiction research, both with regards to public health and regulatory efforts. Other recent work summarizes findings on flavored e-liquids and eCig use, but none have focused explicitly on chemosensory processes or flavor perception as they relate to appeal and use of such products. We argue flavor science needs to be considered as perceptual and behavioral phenomena, and not merely from analytical, toxicological and pharmacological perspectives; we help address this gap here.

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History repeats itself: Role of characterizing flavors on nicotine use and abuse

Cited by 27 publications

References 250 publications

Exposure to fruit-flavoring during adolescence increases nicotine consumption and promotes dose escalation

Exposure to fruit-flavoring during adolescence increases nicotine consumption and promotes dose escalation

Open Characterization of Vaping Liquids in Canada: Chemical Profiles and Trends

Flavor science in the context of research on electronic cigarettes

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