History of the Science of Dialysis

Gottschalk, Carl W.; Fellner, Susan K.

doi:10.1159/000169116

Cited by 57 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The theoretical foundation for dialysis is attributed to Thomas Graham (1805-1869), a professor in the field of chemistry in Scotland, and known for his famous 'Graham's law of effusion' [1] . He described the principles of diffusion and osmosis and introduced the concept of a semi-permeable membrane.…”

Section: The Discovery Of Peritoneal Dialysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Peritoneal Dialysis in Western Countries

Struijk

2015

Kidney Dis

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and anatomical changes in the peritoneal membrane in time can be monitored by the peritoneal equilibrium test. Peritonitis incidence decreased by introduction of the Y-set and prophylaxis using mupirocin on the exit site. The decrease in the proportion of patients treated with PD in the Western world can be explained by non-medical issues such as inadequate predialysis patient education, physician experience and training, ease of HD initiation, overcapacity of in-center HD, lack of adequate infrastructure for PD treatment, costs and reimbursement issues of the treatment. Facts from East and West: (1) PD is cheaper than HD and provides a better quality of life worldwide, but its prevalence is significantly lower than that of HD in all countries, with the exception of Hong Kong. Allowing reimbursement of PD but not HD has permitted to increase the use of PD over HD in many Asian countries like Hong Kong, Vietnam, Taiwan, Thailand, as well as in New Zealand and Australia over the last years. In the Western world, however, HD is still promoted, and the proportion of patients treated with PD decreases. Japan remains an exception in Asia where PD penetration is very low. Lack of adequate education of practitioners and information of patients might as well be reasons for the low penetration of PD in both the East and West. (2) Patient survival of PD varies between and within countries but is globally similar to HD. (3) Peritonitis remains the main cause of morbidity in PD patients. South Asian countries face specific issues such as high tuberculosis and mycobacterial infections, which are rare in Key WordsPeritoneal dialysis · Solutions · Peritoneal transport · Peritonitis · Costs Abstract Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) for the treatment of end-stage renal failure was introduced in the 1960s. Nowadays it has evolved to an established therapy that is complementary to hemodialysis (HD), representing 11% of all patients treated worldwide with dialysis. Despite good clinical outcomes and similar results in patient survival between PD and HD, the penetration of PD is decreasing in the Western world. Summary: First the major events in the history of the development of PD are described. Then important insights into the physiology of peritoneal transport are discussed and linked to the changes in time observed in biopsies of the peritoneal membrane. Furthermore, the developments in peritoneal access, more biocompatible dialysate solutions, automated PD at home, the establishment of parameters for dialysis adequacy and strategies to prevent infectious complications are mentioned. Finally non-medical issues responsible for the declining penetration in the Western world are analyzed. Key Messages: Only after introduction of the concept of continuous ambulatory PD by Moncrief and Popovich has this treatment evolved in time to a renal replacement therapy. Of all structures present in the peritoneal membrane, the capillary endothelium offers the rate-limiting hindrance for solute and water transport for the diffusive and conve...

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Section: The Discovery Of Peritoneal Dialysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Peritoneal Dialysis in Western Countries

Struijk

2015

Kidney Dis

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“…The first use of the term was by a Scottish chemist, Thomas Graham in 1854, who used 'dialysis' to describe the transport of solutes through an ox bladder and drew attention to the concept of a membrane for solute removal from fluid -diffusion [7] . The first human dialysis was carried out by a German physician, George Haas, in the late 1920s performing 6 treatments on 6 patients [8] . In the 1920s and 1930s, synthetic polymer chemistry developed cellulose acetate, which was used extensively in the food packaging and sausage industry.…”

Section: Historical Review and Key Concepts Of Dialysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hollow fibre membrane dialyser was later developed by a physician, Richard Stewart, in association with the United States company Dow Chemical Corporation in the early 1960s with first use of the device in 1967. The membrane was made of cellulose acetate with 11,000 fibers in a bundle providing a surface area of 1 m 2 [8] . The same design concept is used today with new fiber development using polymer such as polysulfone and other artificial synthetic chemical structures better imitating the nephron glomerulus and the ability to transfer wastes and plasma water.…”

Section: Historical Review and Key Concepts Of Dialysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Nursing for Renal Replacement Therapies in the Intensive Care Unit: Historical, Educational, and Protocol Review

Baldwin

Fealy

2009

Blood Purif

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Nurses have made a significant contribution to the development and application of dialysis in the 1950s and continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) setting from the 1980s. Any treatment requires patient and machine-circuit preparation, connection of the extracorporeal circuit (EC) to the patient vascular access catheter and regular tasks to maintain a treatment in progress. During treatment, nurses prepare fluids, adjust fluid settings to provide fluid balance, prepare electrolyte additives, monitor acid base and electrolyte levels, monitor patient and machine ‘vital signs’, and then when necessary diagnose circuit clotting and perform a disconnection of the EC from the patient. All of these aspects of CRRT nursing are essential to a suitable nursing policy or protocol. This paper provides a clinical review for this every day sequence when using CRRT in the ICU setting.

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“…The advent of hemodialysis as a 'renal replacement therapy' is chiefly the legacy of Willem Kolff (1911-), a true medical pioneer who used scavenged parts to build the first rudimentary dialysis machines in the Netherlands at the end of the Second World War, working under extremely difficult conditions [31]. Percutaneous biopsy coupled with hemodialysis led directly to the development of the medical specialty of clinical nephrology, since by the 1950s both a technically challenging treatment (dialysis) as well as a new specialized diagnostic procedure (biopsy) were available.…”

Section: Evolution Of Nephrologymentioning

confidence: 99%