History of Rabies and Rabies Vaccines

Nagarajan, Thirumeni; Rupprecht, Charles E.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21084-7_2

“…In 1852, a French pharmacist, Apollinaire Bouchardat was the first scientist to contemplate the probability of inoculations against rabies infections. In 1881, the first experimental immunization against rabies was achieved in sheep through the intravenous inoculation of rabies virus by a French veterinarian Pierre-Victor Galtier [27].…”

Section: History Of Rabies Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in Rabies Vaccines: The Path Traversed from Pasteur to the Modern Era of Immunization

Natesan

¹

,

Isloor

²

,

Balamurugan

³

et al. 2023

Vaccines

13

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Rabies is a disease of antiquity and has a history spanning millennia ever since the first interactions between humans and dogs. The alarming fatalities caused by this disease have triggered rabies prevention strategies since the first century BC. There have been numerous attempts over the past 100 years to develop rabies vaccineswith the goal of preventing rabies in both humans and animals. Thepre-Pasteurian vaccinologists, paved the way for the actual history of rabies vaccines with the development of first generation vaccines. Further improvements for less reactive and more immunogenic vaccines have led to the expansion of embryo vaccines, tissue culture vaccines, cell culture vaccines, modified live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and adjuvanted vaccines. The adventof recombinant technology and reverse genetics have given insight into the rabies viral genome and facilitated genome manipulations, which in turn led to the emergence of next-generation rabies vaccines, such as recombinant vaccines, viral vector vaccines, genetically modified vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. These vaccines were very helpful in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional rabies vaccines with increased immunogenicity and clinical efficacies. The path traversed in the development of rabies vaccines from Pasteur to the modern era vaccines, though, faced numerous challenges;these pioneering works have formed the cornerstone for the generation of thecurrent successful vaccines to prevent rabies. In the future, advancements in the scientific technologies and research focus will definitely lay the path for much more sophisticated vaccine candidates for rabies elimination.

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“…Vaccination is critical to managing the global impact of rabies 5 . The cost of vaccination prohibits widespread implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), considering the overall low incidence of the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen

Graf

¹

,

Kadasia²,

Melhorn

³

et al. 2023

JoVE

0

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The current guidelines for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis require multiple injections administered over several weeks. This can be disproportionately burdensome to those living in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the majority of deadly exposures to rabies occur. Different drug delivery strategies have been explored to condense vaccine regimens to a single injection by encapsulating antigens into polymeric particles. However, harsh stressors during the encapsulation process can cause denaturation of the encapsulated antigen. This article describes a method for encapsulating the rabies virus (RABV) antigen into polymeric microparticles that exhibit tunable pulsatile release. This method, termed Particles Uniformly Liquified and Sealed to Encapsulate Drugs (PULSED), generates microparticles using soft lithography to create inverse polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds from a multiphoton, 3D-printed master mold. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) films are then compression-molded into the PDMS molds to generate open-faced cylinders that are filled with concentrated RABV using a piezoelectric dispensing robot. These microstructures are then sealed by heating the top of the particles, allowing the material to flow and form a continuous, nonporous polymeric barrier. Post-fabrication, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific to the detection of intact trimeric rabies virus glycoprotein is used to confirm the high recovery of immunogenic antigen from the microparticles.

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“…Vaccination is critical to managing the global impact of rabies 5 . The cost of vaccination prohibits widespread implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), considering the overall low incidence of the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

JoVE Video Dataset

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The current guidelines for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis require multiple injections administered over several weeks. This can be disproportionately burdensome to those living in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the majority of deadly exposures to rabies occur. Different drug delivery strategies have been explored to condense vaccine regimens to a single injection by encapsulating antigens into polymeric particles. However, harsh stressors during the encapsulation process can cause denaturation of the encapsulated antigen. This article describes a method for encapsulating the rabies virus (RABV) antigen into polymeric microparticles that exhibit tunable pulsatile release. This method, termed Particles Uniformly Liquified and Sealed to Encapsulate Drugs (PULSED), generates microparticles using soft lithography to create inverse polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds from a multiphoton, 3D-printed master mold. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) films are then compression-molded into the PDMS molds to generate open-faced cylinders that are filled with concentrated RABV using a piezoelectric dispensing robot. These microstructures are then sealed by heating the top of the particles, allowing the material to flow and form a continuous, nonporous polymeric barrier. Post-fabrication, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific to the detection of intact trimeric rabies virus glycoprotein is used to confirm the high recovery of immunogenic antigen from the microparticles.

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History of Rabies and Rabies Vaccines

Cited by 3 publications

References 146 publications

Developments in Rabies Vaccines: The Path Traversed from Pasteur to the Modern Era of Immunization

Developments in Rabies Vaccines: The Path Traversed from Pasteur to the Modern Era of Immunization

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen

JoVE Video Dataset

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