History of pain treatment from 1500 to 1900

Abstract

The history of pain treatment likely started in the cradle of mankind, as the experience of pain from many causes presumably had an aversive dimension comparable in its ranking to elementary sensations and motivations such as hunger, thirst, maintenance of body temperature, and sexuality-all vital for individual and genetic survival. Thus, pain certainly was among the drives to create social behavior and medicine-these functions still are inherent in pain. The period of history from 1500, as considered here, is dominated by the emergence of science. The exploration of the inside of the human body found the brain to be the seat of sensations, emotions, and behavior, and this progress included pain as well, slowly disabusing it from the magic elements and demons still inherent from early times. The rational phase of medicine began and also included new concepts of pain as first conceived by Descartes. The treatment and prevention of pain became a strong motive of medicine, with new approaches in drug treatment, physical applications such as electricity, and discoveries of psychosocial implementations. During the nineteenth century the most important breakthroughs in pain treatment included general and local anesthesia as well as analgesic drugs from morphine to anti-inflammatory agents. They succeeded in taking the terror out of the agonizing pain of surgery and dramatic courses of diseases. Today's natural extension of the medical success in controlling acute pain may be seen in the period of pain medicine aimed at understanding and preventing chronic pain.

Atlas of neonatal face images using triangular Meshes

“…Todos os resultados apresentados podem ser reproduzidos utilizando os códigos disponibilizados publicamente. 3 .…”

“…A doré uma característica inerenteà vida em si, expressa em todos os organismos vivos que possuem sistema nervoso central [1] e serve para indicar que algo está errado.É um alerta que gera incômodo, uma experiência emocionalmente ruim e evitada conscientemente, apesar de ser essencial para nossa sobrevivência, pois sinaliza a presença de dano corporal ou ameaça de morte, promovendo um comportamento de fuga [2]. Devido a essas características, há séculos, o alívio da dor tem sido tópico de estudos, desde tratamentos elétricos até a evolução dos tratamentos farmacológicos com derivados opioides, como morfina, e outros analgésicos [3].…”

DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Morphine

“…He believed that the medication was an indispensible tool for physicians. 37 Opium was also employed as an anesthetic during surgery using sleep sponges (Spongia somnifera) soaked in a solution of opium, hemp, and mandrake extracts. This preparation was ultimately deemed ineffective for general anesthesia and caused overdoses due to uncontrollable concentrations.…”

“…This preparation was ultimately deemed ineffective for general anesthesia and caused overdoses due to uncontrollable concentrations. 37 Thomas Dover, an English physician, created Dover's powder that contained opium powder, liquor, and ipecuhuana as a treatment for pain and fever. 38 Some controversy persists regarding the exact date of the first discovery of morphine.…”

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