History of microwave electron linear accelerators for radiotherapy

Ginzton, Edward L.; Nunan, Craig S.

doi:10.1016/0360-3016(85)90141-5

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This introduced a widespread use of radiotherapy with more precise radiation dose delivery and fewer treatment-related side effects. 24,25 Several retrospective studies comparing decompressive laminectomy with radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone have been reported. 26,27 Although a difference in results could not be established, the patients treated with surgery harbored significantly more complications.…”

Section: Historical Aspects Of the Treatment Of Spinal Metastasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Extradural Metastasis: Review of Current Treatment Options

Bartels

Linden

Graaf

2008

CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians

197

145

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Bone metastases, especially to the spine, are frequently encountered during the course of a malignancy. Due to a worldwide increase of cancer incidence and to a longer life expectancy of patients with cancer, a rise in incidence of bone metastases is observed. A brief historical overview is the base of a review of current treatment options. Despite new developments in the surgical and radiotherapeutic fields, as well as in medical oncology, external beam radiotherapy is the cornerstone of the treatment of spinal metastases. In selected cases, surgical treatment is a proven option. Vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty can also be considered.Supportive medical care does not differ from that given for symptomatic lesions to the skeletal system elsewhere in the body. After discussing the treatment options, an algorithm is given. (CA Cancer J Clin 2008;58:245-259.)

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Section: Historical Aspects Of the Treatment Of Spinal Metastasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Extradural Metastasis: Review of Current Treatment Options

Bartels

Linden

Graaf

2008

CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians

197

145

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“…After World War 1, deep x‐ray therapy was introduced, with energies up to 200 kV. Megavoltage linear accelerators and cobalt beam were largely introduced in the 1960s 4 . However, radiation therapy (RT) remained imprecise, with lower energies causing severe skin reactions, and planning involving surface anatomy, gentian violet marks and tracing paper, rather than the sophisticated imaging and 3D computing techniques of today.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation therapy and early breast cancer: current controversies

Boyages

2017

Medical Journal of Australia

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Radiation therapy (RT) is an important component of breast cancer treatment. RT reduces local recurrence and breast cancer mortality after breast conservation for all patients and for node-positive patients after a mastectomy. Short courses of RT over 3-4 weeks are generally as effective as longer courses. A patient subgroup where RT can be avoided after conservative surgery has not been consistently identified. A radiation boost reduces the risk of a recurrence in the breast but may be omitted for older patients with good prognosis tumours with clear margins. Axillary recurrences can take a long time to appear, with 35% occurring after 5 years. Leaving disease untreated in regional nodes is associated with reduced survival. Not all patients require radiation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and a subsequent mastectomy. Modern RT equipment and techniques will further improve survival rates.

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“…The overall kV system complexity is lower than MV radiotherapy systems, which utilize complex linear accelerator designs. 2 Additionally, kV radiotherapy can be performed with real-time, beam's-eyeview X-ray imaging using the same treating source and without further development of new flat-panel X-ray detectors needed for the higher energy MV beams. 3 For these reasons, kV radiotherapy is promising for lower middle-income countries (LMIC), which have a shortage of radiotherapy systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…kV energy units would be better suited for mobile transport in a trailer thereby providing greater access to healthcare in regions with limited resources. The overall kV system complexity is lower than MV radiotherapy systems, which utilize complex linear accelerator designs 2 . Additionally, kV radiotherapy can be performed with real‐time, beam's‐eye‐view X‐ray imaging using the same treating source and without further development of new flat‐panel X‐ray detectors needed for the higher energy MV beams 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dosimetry of a novel converging X‐ray source for kilovoltage radiotherapy

Stalbaum¹,

Partain²,

M³

et al. 2021

Medical Physics

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Purpose:The objective of this work was to evaluate phantom dosimetry of a novel kilovoltage (kV) X-ray source, which employs a stationary tungsten anode and a linearly swept scanning electron beam. The source utilizes converging Xray collimation along with orthogonal mechanical rotation to distribute surface flux over large area. In this study, this was investigated as a potential solution to fast-falloff limitations expected with kV radiotherapy. This was done with the aim of future clinical development of a lower cost radiotherapy alternative to megavoltage (MV) linac systems. Methods: Radiochromic film was employed for dosimetry on the kV X-ray source of the linear-converging radiotherapy system (LCRS). The source utilizes charge particle optics to magnetically deflect and focus an electron beam along a stationary, reflection tungsten target in an ultra-high-vacuum stainlesssteel chamber. Resulting X-rays were collimated into converging beamlets that span a large planar angle and converge at the system isocenter. In this study, radiochromic film dosimetry was done at 140 and 145 kVp for a designated planning treatment volume (PTV) of 4 cm diameter. An acrylic phantom was employed for dose distribution measurements of stationary and rotational delivery. Film dosimetry was evaluated in planes parallel to the source X-ray window at various depths, as well as in the plane of gantry rotation. Results: At 140 and 145 kVp and using a collimated 4 cm square field at depth, lesion-to-skin dose ratio was shown to improve with additional beams from different relative source positions, where the different beams are focused at the same isocenter and do not overlap at the phantom surface. It was only possible to achieve a 1:1 D max -to-surface ratio with four delivery beams, but the ratio improved to 4:1 with 12 beams, focused at the same isocenter depth of 7.8 cm in an acrylic phantom. For the tests conducted, the following D max -to-surface ratios were obtained: 0.4:1 lesion-to-skin ratio for stationary delivery from one entry beam, 0.71:1 lesion-to-skin ratio was obtained for two beams, 1.07:1 ratio for four beams, and 4:1 for 12 beams. Dose-depth profiles were evaluated for stationary and rotational dosimetry. Additionally, rotational dosimetry was measured for a case more analogous to a clinical scenario, where the isocenter was located at an off -center simulated lesion. Conclusions:The results demonstrate potential dose-depth improvements with kV arc therapy by distributing the surface flux with a wide converging beam along with perpendicular mechanical source rotation of the LCRS. The system delivered tolerable dose to a large surface area when a threshold of multiple,

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History of microwave electron linear accelerators for radiotherapy

Cited by 15 publications

References 24 publications

Spinal Extradural Metastasis: Review of Current Treatment Options

Spinal Extradural Metastasis: Review of Current Treatment Options

Radiation therapy and early breast cancer: current controversies

Dosimetry of a novel converging X‐ray source for kilovoltage radiotherapy

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