History of insecticide resistance of Triatominae vectors

Pessoa, Grasielle Caldas D’Ávila; Viñas, Pedro Albajar; Rosa, Aline Cristine Luiz; Diotaiuti, Liléia

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0081-2015

Cited by 29 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Today, the persistence of vector transmission in many other places (Patterson & Guhl, ) raises new issues for the future of Chagas disease's control. These emerging challenges are associated with typical evolutionary processes that could significantly change the local and/or global patterns of the disease epidemiology: (i) the rise of insecticide resistance (Mougabure‐Cueto & Picollo, ; Pessoa, Vinãs, Rosa, & Diotaiuti, ), (ii) the adaptation of nondomiciliated vectors to the human habitat (Almeida et al., ; Reyes‐Lugo & Rodriguez‐Acosta, ; Waleckx, Gourbière, et al., ), and (iii) the potential evolution of T. cruzi virulence (Bull & Lauring, ; Pelosse et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary ecology of Chagas disease; what do we know and what do we need?

Flores-Ferrer

Marcou

Waleckx

et al. 2017

Evolutionary Applications

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The aetiological agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a key human pathogen afflicting most populations of Latin America. This vectorborne parasite is transmitted by haematophageous triatomines, whose control by large‐scale insecticide spraying has been the main strategy to limit the impact of the disease for over 25 years. While those international initiatives have been successful in highly endemic areas, this systematic approach is now challenged by the emergence of insecticide resistance and by its low efficacy in controlling species that are only partially adapted to human habitat. In this contribution, we review evidences that Chagas disease control shall now be entering a second stage that will rely on a better understanding of triatomines adaptive potential, which requires promoting microevolutionary studies and –omic approaches. Concomitantly, we show that our knowledge of the determinants of the evolution of T. cruzi high diversity and low virulence remains too limiting to design evolution‐proof strategies, while such attributes may be part of the future of Chagas disease control after the 2020 WHO's target of regional elimination of intradomiciliary transmission has been reached. We should then aim at developing a theory of T. cruzi virulence evolution that we anticipate to provide an interesting enrichment of the general theory according to the specificities of transmission of this very generalist stercorarian trypanosome. We stress that many ecological data required to better understand selective pressures acting on vector and parasite populations are already available as they have been meticulously accumulated in the last century of field research. Although more specific information will surely be needed, an effective research strategy would be to integrate data into the conceptual and theoretical framework of evolutionary ecology and life‐history evolution that provide the quantitative backgrounds necessary to understand and possibly anticipate adaptive responses to public health interventions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary ecology of Chagas disease; what do we know and what do we need?

Flores-Ferrer

Marcou

Waleckx

et al. 2017

Evolutionary Applications

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“…RR>2000 El Juramento, Guemes, Chaco, Argentina [26] or RR 50 =541.6, Tierras Nuevas, Tarija, Bolivia [68]). However, in all but Ilicuni, the RR values are above the level classified as resistant by PAHO guidelines RR>5 (fivefold higher than reference populations) [30, 69]. Those guidelines also attribute altered susceptibility in field populations presenting RR<5 to individual variability, which is not enough to cause resistance at the population level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It later became implicated in failure of local control programs, where certain populations from the Gran Chaco area required up to 1000 times the amount of insecticide to kill the same proportion of susceptible individuals [26]. Increasing reports indicate that several natural populations are resistant to insecticides, and significant variability in susceptibility levels has been observed among them [27–30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Genetic structure and sodium channel gene mutation analysis related to pyrethroid insecticide toxicity in sylvatic Andean Triatoma infestans from Bolivia”

Marcet¹,

Santo-Orihuela

Messenger

et al. 2019

Preprint

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BACKGROUND: Sylvatic populations of Triatoma infestans represent a challenge for vector control as these populations are not targeted by control activities and could play a key role in post-spraying house re-infestation. Improved understanding of sylvatic foci, population distribution, dispersion patterns, gene flow between sylvatic and domestic populations, as well as characterization of insecticide resistance profiles, is crucial to optimize vector control interventions. METHODS: We analyzed the genetic relationship of five Andean populations from Bolivia from localities with distinct insecticide susceptibility profiles (sylvatic: 20 de Octubre, Illicuni, Kirus Mayu and Mataral and one domestic from Mataral). Individual multilocus genotypes based on 8 microsatellites and the DNA sequence of a fragment of the cytochrome B (cytB) gene were obtained for 92 individuals. We compared the cytB haplotypes with previously reported Andean T. infestans haplotypes and evaluated the directionality and possibly history of gene flow among populations. Each specimen was screened for 2 nucleotide mutations (L1014 and L9251) of the sodium channel gene (kdr), described for T. infestans and related to pyrethroid resistance. RESULTS: Significant genetic differentiation was observed among all populations, reflecting current genetic isolation among them. However, individuals of admixed origin were detected in four populations, especially between the sylvatic and domestic populations from Mataral. Historical analysis of gene flow suggests that insecticide resistance is conferred by ancient trait(s) in T. infestans sylvatic populations that are capable of invading domiciles. The kdr mutation L1014 was identified in one individual from Mataral, while the L9251 mutation was not detected in any population. The low frequency of kdr mutations in these populations suggests this mechanism is unlikely to be the primary cause of the observed altered insecticide susceptibility. However, the resistance conferring mutation is present in the area and with the potential to be selected under insecticidal pressure. CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the need for stronger entomological surveillance in the region, including early detection of house invasion, particularly post-spraying, monitoring for resistance to pyrethroids and the design of integrative control actions that consider both sylvatic foci around domestic settings as well as the bug dispersion dynamics.

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“…Current PAHO guidelines determined that populations with RR50 > 5 (fivefold higher than reference populations) should be considered resistant (PAHO 2005, Pessoa et al 2015). Above that RR50 level, PAHO guidelines recommend: 1) to investigate the operational failures in the vector control strategies performed by the Chagas Disease Control Program (CDCP); 2) to change the insecticide used for CDCP to another with a different mechanism of action; and 3) to continue monitoring the susceptibility profile of the altered populations through time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological, Enzymatic, and Molecular Assessment of the Insecticide Susceptibility Profile ofTriatoma infestans(Hemiptera: Reduviidae, Triatominae) Populations From Rural Communities of Santa Cruz, Bolivia

Santo-Orihuela¹,

Vassena

Carvajal³

et al. 2016

J Med Entomol

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A wide range of insecticide resistance profiles has been reported across Bolivian domestic and sylvatic populations of Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), including some with levels proven to be a threat for vector control. In this work, the insecticide profile of domestic T. infestans was studied with standardized toxicological bioassays, in an area that has not undergone consistent vector control. F1 first-instarnymphs hatched in laboratory from bugs captured in three communities from the Santa Cruz Department were evaluated with different insecticides. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of esterases and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases was measured in individual insects to evaluate the possible mechanism of metabolic resistance to pyrethroids. In addition, the DNA sequence of sodium channel gene (kdr) was screened for two point mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance previously reported in T. infestans. All populations showed reduced susceptibility to deltamethrin and α-cypermethrin, albeit the RR50 values varied significantly among them. Increased P450 monooxygenases and permethrate esterases suggest the contribution, as detoxifying mechanisms, to the observed resistance to deltamethrin in all studied populations. No individuals presented either mutation associated to resistance in the kdr gene. The level of susceptibility to α-cypermethrin, the insecticide used by the local vector control program, falls within an acceptable range to continue its use in these populations. However, the observed RR50 values evidence the possibility of selection for resistance to pyrethroids, especially to deltamethrin. Consequently, the use of pyrethroid insecticides should be closely monitored in these communities, which should be kept under entomological surveillance and sustained interventions.

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History of insecticide resistance of Triatominae vectors

Cited by 29 publications

References 55 publications

Evolutionary ecology of Chagas disease; what do we know and what do we need?

Evolutionary ecology of Chagas disease; what do we know and what do we need?

“Genetic structure and sodium channel gene mutation analysis related to pyrethroid insecticide toxicity in sylvatic Andean Triatoma infestans from Bolivia”

Toxicological, Enzymatic, and Molecular Assessment of the Insecticide Susceptibility Profile ofTriatoma infestans(Hemiptera: Reduviidae, Triatominae) Populations From Rural Communities of Santa Cruz, Bolivia

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