History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quaternary North America

Frenzel, Burkhard

doi:10.1007/3-540-27043-4_17

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 174 publications

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“…Climate‐driven shifts in species' distributions, in conjunction with the highly variable topography found within mountain ranges and the large geographical distances among mountain ranges, are hypothesized to have increased isolation, led to rapid genetic divergence, and given rise to the disproportionate number of endemic species currently found at high elevation (Steinbauer et al ., ). There is widespread support for a general model of alpine population history in temperate regions (Schoville & Roderick, ), from both genetic and palaeontological data (DeChaine & Martin, ; Frenzel, ; Knowles & Carstens, ; Birks, ; Galbreath et al ., ), wherein cold‐specialized species track favourable climate conditions downslope during glacial episodes and upslope during warmer interglacial periods. Across a wide variety of taxa and in alpine habitats globally, past climate change has led to rapid lineage diversification and the formation of new species (Knowles, ; Comes & Kadereit, ; Buckley & Simon, ; Schoville & Roderick, ; DeChaine et al ., ; Hedin et al ., ), exemplifying the so‐called ‘Pleistocene species pump’ (Terborgh, ; Schoville et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Has past climate change affected cold‐specialized species differentially through space and time?

Schoville

Bougie

Dudko

et al. 2018

Systematic Entomology

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Quaternary climate change has been strongly linked to distributional shifts and recent species diversification. Montane species, in particular, have experienced enhanced isolation and rapid genetic divergence during glacial fluctuations, and these processes have resulted in a disproportionate number of neo-endemic species forming in high-elevation habitats. In temperate montane environments, a general model of alpine population history is well supported, where cold-specialized species track favourable climate conditions downslope during glacial episodes and upslope during warmer interglacial periods, which leads to a climate-driven population or species diversification pump. However, it remains unclear how geography mediates distributional changes and whether certain episodes of glacial history have differentially impacted rates of diversification. We address these questions by examining phylogenomic data in a North American clade of flightless, cold-specialized insects, the ice crawlers (Insecta: Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae: Grylloblatta). These low-vagility organisms have the potential to reveal highly localized refugia and patterns of spatial recolonization, as well as a longer history of in situ diversification. Using continuous phylogeographic analysis of species groups, we show that all species tend to retreat to nearby low-elevation habitats across western North America during episodes of glaciation, but species at high latitude exhibit larger distributional shifts. Lineage diversification was examined over the course of the Neogene and Quaternary periods, with statistical analysis supporting a direct association between climate variation and diversification rate. Major increases in lineage diversification appear to be correlated with warm and dry periods, rather than with extreme glacial events. Finally, we identify substantial cryptic diversity among ice crawlers, leading to high endemism across their range. This diversity provides new insights into highly localized glacial refugia for cold-specialized species across western North America.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Has past climate change affected cold‐specialized species differentially through space and time?

Schoville

Bougie

Dudko

et al. 2018

Systematic Entomology

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“…The phylogeography of alpine biodiversity has gained considerable attention over the last two decades, particularly in Europe and North America. Glacial cycles in the Pliocene and Pleistocene are thought to have played a key role in shaping biodiversity and patterns of genetic diversity in alpine systems (Knowles, ; Frenzel, ). At the height of glaciation, ice‐sheet formation was extensive, and for many species this led to population extirpation, range reductions and fragmentation into refugia (Taberlet et al ., ; Hewitt, ; Church et al ., ; Schönswetter et al ., ; Schmitt, ; Walker et al ., ; Gunderson et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative phylogeography of alpine invertebrates indicates deep lineage diversification and historical refugia in the Australian Alps

Endo

Nash

Hoffmann

et al. 2014

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim Comparative phylogeographic analyses of alpine biota from the Northern Hemisphere have linked patterns of genetic diversification to glacial expansion and contraction events in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Furthermore, the extent of diversification across species groups appears to be associated with vagility.In this study we test whether these patterns apply to a geologically stable system from eastern Australia with comparatively shallow elevational gradients and minimal influence from historical glacial activity.Location The Australian Alps, Victoria, eastern Australia. MethodsWe considered phylogeographic patterns across five alpine invertebrate species based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. Bayesian inference methods were used to estimate species phylogenies and divergence times among lineages. GIS tools were used to map interpopulation genetic divergence and intrapopulation genetic diversity estimates and to visualize spatial patterns across species, providing insights into patterns of endemism and demographic history.Results Phylogeographic patterns and the timing of lineage diversification were consistent across taxonomic groups. Mountain summits harbour highly differentiated haplogroups, including summits connected by high-elevational plateaus, pointing to diversifications being maintained since the early to mid-Pleistocene. These findings are consistent with previous studies of alpine mammals and reptiles, demonstrating a high degree of endemism in this region, regardless of species vagility.Main conclusions The fine spatial scales at which deep genetic differentiation among alpine communities was observed in this study are unprecedented. This suggests that glacial periods have had less of an impact on species distributions and genetic diversity than they have in alpine systems in the Northern Hemisphere. Historical gene flow among sky-island populations has been limited despite connecting snowlines during glacial periods, suggesting that factors other than snow cover have influenced patterns of gene flow in this region. These findings emphasize the unique phylogeographic history affecting Victorian alpine biodiversity, and the importance of conserving biodiversity from multiple mountain summits in this region of high endemism.

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“…In the present climate, many low-latitude mountain ranges are environmentally isolated from one another by intervening low elevation habitat. Geological and paleoecological data indicate that cooling global climate led to the historical growth of alpine glaciers [ 1 , 2 ] and to down-slope range shifts of montane vegetation [ 3 , 4 ]. It has been argued that ice age climates provided environmental corridors between mountain ranges that enabled arctic and alpine populations to migrate into and among sky-islands [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary diversification of cryophilic Grylloblatta species (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) in alpine habitats of California

Schoville

Roderick

2010

BMC Evol Biol

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BackgroundClimate in alpine habitats has undergone extreme variation during Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs, resulting in repeated expansion and contraction of alpine glaciers. Many cold-adapted alpine species have responded to these climatic changes with long-distance range shifts. These species typically exhibit shallow genetic differentiation over a large geographical area. In contrast, poorly dispersing organisms often form species complexes within mountain ranges, such as the California endemic ice-crawlers (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae: Grylloblatta). The diversification pattern of poorly dispersing species might provide more information on the localized effects of historical climate change, the importance of particular climatic events, as well as the history of dispersal. Here we use multi-locus genetic data to examine the phylogenetic relationships and geographic pattern of diversification in California Grylloblatta.ResultsOur analysis reveals a pattern of deep genetic subdivision among geographically isolated populations of Grylloblatta in California. Alpine populations diverged from low elevation populations and subsequently diversified. Using a Bayesian relaxed clock model and both uncalibrated and calibrated measurements of time to most recent common ancestor, we reconstruct the temporal diversification of alpine Grylloblatta populations. Based on calibrated relaxed clock estimates, evolutionary diversification of Grylloblatta occurred during the Pliocene-Pleistocene epochs, with an initial dispersal into California during the Pliocene and species diversification in alpine clades during the middle Pleistocene epoch.ConclusionsGrylloblatta species exhibit a high degree of genetic subdivision in California with well defined geographic structure. Distinct glacial refugia can be inferred within the Sierra Nevada, corresponding to major, glaciated drainage basins. Low elevation populations are sister to alpine populations, suggesting alpine populations may track expanding glacial ice sheets and diversify as a result of multiple glacial advances. Based on relaxed-clock molecular dating, the temporal diversification of Grylloblatta provides evidence for the role of a climate-driven species pump in alpine species during the Pleistocene epoch.

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History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quaternary North America

Cited by 6 publications

References 174 publications

Has past climate change affected cold‐specialized species differentially through space and time?

Has past climate change affected cold‐specialized species differentially through space and time?

Comparative phylogeography of alpine invertebrates indicates deep lineage diversification and historical refugia in the Australian Alps

Evolutionary diversification of cryophilic Grylloblatta species (Grylloblattodea: Grylloblattidae) in alpine habitats of California

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