History of Diffusion Batteries in Aerosol Measurements

Knutson, E.O.

doi:10.1080/027868299304192

Cited by 50 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…The inversion methods used in the previous aerosol spectrometers can possibly be applied to address the PSM inversion problem. The review of the inversion methods for aerosol spectrometers can be found in Kandlikar and Ramachandran (1999), Knutson (1999), and Ramachandran and Cooper (2011).…”

Section: And Other Industrial Applications (Noskomentioning

confidence: 99%

Data inversion methods to determine sub-3 nm aerosol size distributions using the particle size magnifier

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Measuring particle size distribution accurately down to approximately 1 nm is needed for studying atmospheric new particle formation. The scanning particle size magnifier (PSM) using diethylene glycol as a working fluid has been used for measuring sub-3 nm atmospheric aerosol. A proper inversion method is required to recover the particle size distribution from PSM raw data. Similarly to other aerosol spectrometers and classifiers, PSM inversion can be deduced from a problem described by the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. We tested the performance of the stepwise method, the kernel function method (Lehtipalo et al., 2014), the H&A linear inversion method (Hagen and Alofs, 1983), and the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. The stepwise method and the kernel function method were used in previous studies on PSM. The H&A method and the expectation-maximization algorithm were used in data inversion for the electrical mobility spectrometers and the diffusion batteries, respectively (Maher and Laird, 1985). In addition, Monte Carlo simulation and laboratory experiments were used to test the accuracy and precision of the particle size distributions recovered using four inversion methods. When all of the detected particles are larger than 3 nm, the stepwise method may report false sub-3 nm particle concentrations because an infinite resolution is assumed while the kernel function method and the H&A method occasionally report false sub-3 nm particles because of the unstable least squares method. The accuracy and precision of the recovered particle size distribution using the EM algorithm are the best among the tested four inversion methods. Compared to the kernel function method, the H&A method reduces the uncertainty while keeping a similar computational expense. The measuring uncertainties in the present scanning mode may contribute to the uncertainties of the recovered particle size distributions. We suggest using the EM algorithm to retrieve the particle size distributions using the particle number concentrations recorded by the PSM. Considering the relatively high computation expenses of the EM algorithm, the H&A method is recommended for preliminary data analysis. We also gave practical suggestions on PSM operation based on the inversion analysis.

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Section: And Other Industrial Applications (Noskomentioning

confidence: 99%

Data inversion methods to determine sub-3 nm aerosol size distributions using the particle size magnifier

et al. 2018

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“…Diffusion batteries based on Brownian diffusion in laminar flow have been designed and used for particle number-size estimates (Thomas, 1955;Fuchs & Stechkina, 1962) or have been used with supersaturators for size-differentiated nuclei counting (Pedder, 1971). A variety of designs for diffusion batteries were developed (Knutson, 1999) and applied to atmospheric nanoparticle sampling (Twomey & Severynse, 1964). After the 1970s, the use of diffusion batteries was supplanted by continuous methods, such as the electrical mobility analyzer, and the diffusion batteries were largely abandoned for atmospheric observations.…”

Section: The Diffusion Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The theory for particle deposition by diffusion in a slow-moving aerosol was developed before 1940, as reviewed by Knutson (1999) and others. For example, in an appendix to a paper by Nolan and Nolan (1938), Gormley derived the expression for the fraction of particles of diffusion coefficient D penetrating the channel of length L, half height b, and width a with a gas flow rate of q.…”

Section: Brownian Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knutson (1999) also noted that D. Sinclair simplified the inversion problem by using a graphical stripping technique for a polydispersed aerosol to obtain a size distribution. Fuchs and Stechkina (1962) and a number of other investigators refined the data inversion theory, extending into the 1990s (Knutson, 1999). Rich (1966) developed an example of a combination of the diffusion battery concept and an electrical detector.…”

Section: The Diffusion Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aerosol Science and Technology: History and Reviews

Ensor¹

2011

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Aerosol Science and Technology: History and Reviews captures an exciting slice of history in the evolution of aerosol science. It presents in-depth biographies of four leading international aerosol researchers and highlights pivotal research institutions in New York, Minnesota, and Austria. One collection of chapters reflects on the legacy of the Pasadena smog experiment, while another presents a fascinating overview of military applications and nuclear aerosols. Finally, prominent researchers offer detailed reviews of aerosol measurement, processes, experiments, and technology that changed the face of aerosol science. This volume is the third in a series and is supported by the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR) History Working Group, whose goal is to produce archival books from its symposiums on the history of aerosol science to ensure a lasting record. It is based on papers presented at the Third Aerosol History Symposium on September 8 and 9, 2006, in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.

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“…The measurement of nanoparticle concentrations with size then could be facilitated by determining particle deposition by diffusion to surfaces of channels as function of distance down the channel (Nolan and Guerrini 1935). Diffusion batteries based on Brownian diffusion in laminar flow have been designed and used for particle number size estimates (Thomas 1955;Fuchs et al 1962;Knutson 1999) or have been used with supersaturators for size differentiated nuclei counting (Pedder 1971).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%