History of biochemical pregnancy was associated with the subsequent reproductive failure among women with recurrent spontaneous abortion

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the presence of history of biochemical pregnancy (BP) was associated with clinical characteristics and the subsequent pregnancy outcome among women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). One-hundred and seventy-five RSA women with two or more clinical pregnancy losses were enrolled. The clinical characteristics were compared between 164 women with history of 0-1 BP (Group A) and 11 women with two or more BP (Group B). The frequency of previous pregnancy loss and history of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in Group B was higher than that in Group A; while frequency of secondary RSA in Group B was lower than Group A. The subsequent pregnancy outcome was assessed prospectively; and live-birth rate in Group A (72.9%) was higher (p < 0.05) than that in Group B (41.7%). The incidence of reproductive failure (58.3%, p < 0.05) and spontaneous abortion with normal chromosome (25.0%, p = 0.050) in Group B was higher than those (27.1 and 5.9%, respectively) in Group A. RSA women with two or more BP had higher risk of reproductive failure and spontaneous abortion with normal chromosome together with lower chance of live-birth. The results of the present study involve important information and are helpful for clinical practitioners.

Recurrent Implantation Failure-update overview on etiology, diagnosis, treatment and future directions

“…Biochemical pregnancy is defined in similar terms by a variety of authors. Maesawa uses the International Committee Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies and World Health Organization definition for biochemical pregnancy as the detection of hCG in blood or urine without subsequent clinical signs of pregnancy [ 9 ]. Coulam defines biochemical pregnancy when two or more increased values of hCG can be measured, yet there can be no evidence of gestational sac detected on transvaginal ultrasound 2 weeks later.…”

“…Due to variations in definitions for recurrent implantation failure and biochemical pregnancy, there is scarce data that accurately represents the incidence or prevalence. Biochemical pregnancy is actually not uncommon, and its reported incidence varies from 8 to 33% in the general population, including those who spontaneously conceived [ 9 ]. However, it is not clear how accurate these figures are since most patients who recognized that they had a biochemical pregnancy were undergoing ART.…”

Etiological evaluation of repeated biochemical pregnancy in infertile couples who have undergone in vitro fertilization

“…One exception evaluated the etiology of RSA and considered the number of previous biochemical pregnancies (with groups defined as having experienced of 0 or 1 vs. more than 2). This study reported that spontaneous abortion with a normal karyotype occurred more frequently in the RBP experience group [ 10 ]. Unfortunately, no previous studies have explored the etiology of RBP in comparison to RSA after IVF.…”

“…Some studies have suggested that some potential causes of biochemical pregnancy include implantation failure due to chromosomal abnormalities and lack of endometrial receptivity due to anatomical, immunological or other reasons [ 11 ]. Another recent study, however, reported that biochemical pregnancy likely presents with similar etiology to that of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) [ 10 ]. Unfortunately, the relatively small number of studies into these questions has left them unresolved.…”

Immunoregulatory Therapy in Frozen Embryo Transfer Cycle Improved Reproductive Outcomes of Women with Elevated Peripheral Blood Th1/Th2 Ratios

“…Incidence of implantation failures varies from 8 to 33% in the general population [1]. When conducting IVF/ET, pregnancy is established when an embryo, which is a semi-allograft, is successfully implanted to maternal decidua with an establishment of maternal immune tolerance [2].…”