History of and Applications for a Coil-Tubing-Conveyed, Inflatable, Selective Injection Straddle Packer
Abstract: TX 75083-3336, U. S:A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThis paper outlines the history, deployment into a live well, and operation of a through-tubing selective injection tool. This tool is an inflatable, re-settable, coiled tubing-conveyed straddle packer assembly designed to run through production tubing and isolate a portion of perforated casing to allow precise injection of stimulation or water block chemicals.
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A Review: Progress of Diverter Technology for Oil and Gas Production Applications in the Past Decade
Diversion technologies is becoming widely used as part of multistage fracturing operation and acid stimulation especially in carbonate formations completed with extended reach or multilateral wells. Further importance is gained during the development of unconventional resources where large number of stages are required with enhanced stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) per fracture. This is achieved by improving the fracture network and complexity using far field or deep diversion techniques. Diversion gained more value since it was an enabler for more efficient refracturing jobs since it can divert treatment from existing fractures. One of the main functions of diverters is to direct the stimulation fluid toward the desired treatment interval to increase the efficiency of productivity enhancement process. A diverter could be either mechanical or chemical. Mechanical diverters include packers, ball sealers, coil tubing, and particulate diverting agents such as benzoic acid flakes, rock salts, wax beads and fiber. Chemical diverter is mostly used as temporary barrier of fluid during treatments, and will get converted back afterwards by chemical means. Chemical diverter can be divided into two main types: polymer-based diverter and surfactant-based diverter. In the past decade, biodegradable diverter has been developed according to the concern of both environmental protection and less formation damage. Relative permeability modifier (RPM) can also be used as diverter in some cases. All the above diversion techniques will either divert the fluid in the wellbore or deep inside the formation based on the objective of the treatment and type of fluid used. This paper covers diverters in both injectors and producers with the applications of matrix acidizing, acid fracturing and hydraulic fracturing. In matrix acidizing, polymer-based acid gel is one of the most applied diverters. Adding N2/CO2 to form foamed acid, the treatment efficiency could be further enhanced with less formation damage. Viscoelastic surfactant (VES) improved acidizing was also applied in many cases. Fiber based acidizing fluid proposed to be effective in carbonate formation. Multi-stage acid frac jobs were done in 2011 in tight gas carbonate formations. A new trend of acid frac is to use CO2 energized fracturing fluid for tight, sour gas formations. Far-field fracturing mechanism was studied by means of solid particulate diverting agents. Eco-friendly and biodegradable diverters were applied for zonal isolation. Nanoparticles, as new generation of diverters, have been used for EOR as foaming agents since beginning of this decade, especially at HTHP conditions; nanoparticle stabilizers were applied in polymeric gel and VES system to enhance the stability for diversion fluid. To make the best performance of diverters, limitation on working conditions of each type of diverter would be identified, such as cost, temperature range, pH range, size distribution, and compatibility with fluid additives.
A Review: Progress of Diverter Technology for Oil and Gas Production Applications in the Past Decade
Diversion technologies is becoming widely used as part of multistage fracturing operation and acid stimulation especially in carbonate formations completed with extended reach or multilateral wells. Further importance is gained during the development of unconventional resources where large number of stages are required with enhanced stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) per fracture. This is achieved by improving the fracture network and complexity using far field or deep diversion techniques. Diversion gained more value since it was an enabler for more efficient refracturing jobs since it can divert treatment from existing fractures. One of the main functions of diverters is to direct the stimulation fluid toward the desired treatment interval to increase the efficiency of productivity enhancement process. A diverter could be either mechanical or chemical. Mechanical diverters include packers, ball sealers, coil tubing, and particulate diverting agents such as benzoic acid flakes, rock salts, wax beads and fiber. Chemical diverter is mostly used as temporary barrier of fluid during treatments, and will get converted back afterwards by chemical means. Chemical diverter can be divided into two main types: polymer-based diverter and surfactant-based diverter. In the past decade, biodegradable diverter has been developed according to the concern of both environmental protection and less formation damage. Relative permeability modifier (RPM) can also be used as diverter in some cases. All the above diversion techniques will either divert the fluid in the wellbore or deep inside the formation based on the objective of the treatment and type of fluid used. This paper covers diverters in both injectors and producers with the applications of matrix acidizing, acid fracturing and hydraulic fracturing. In matrix acidizing, polymer-based acid gel is one of the most applied diverters. Adding N2/CO2 to form foamed acid, the treatment efficiency could be further enhanced with less formation damage. Viscoelastic surfactant (VES) improved acidizing was also applied in many cases. Fiber based acidizing fluid proposed to be effective in carbonate formation. Multi-stage acid frac jobs were done in 2011 in tight gas carbonate formations. A new trend of acid frac is to use CO2 energized fracturing fluid for tight, sour gas formations. Far-field fracturing mechanism was studied by means of solid particulate diverting agents. Eco-friendly and biodegradable diverters were applied for zonal isolation. Nanoparticles, as new generation of diverters, have been used for EOR as foaming agents since beginning of this decade, especially at HTHP conditions; nanoparticle stabilizers were applied in polymeric gel and VES system to enhance the stability for diversion fluid. To make the best performance of diverters, limitation on working conditions of each type of diverter would be identified, such as cost, temperature range, pH range, size distribution, and compatibility with fluid additives.
TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThis paper will outline the history, and operation of a Through-Tubing selective injection tool used for the purpose of water shutoffs. This tool is an inflatable, re-settable, coiled tubing-conveyed straddle packer assembly designed to run through production tubing and isolate a portion of perforated, screened, slotted, or open hole allowing precise placement of water blocking chemicals, Acidizing, or chemical fluids.The paper will include a description of 18 field runs of this tool used for water blocking chemicals from 1995 through October 1999 and will examine the 3 case histories listed below in more detail: 1. Through-Tubing selective water shut-off polymer job through casing perforations with a single packer 2. Through-Tubing selective water shut-off polymer job of an intermediate zone in 4.5" casing 3. Through-Tubing selective water shut-off polymer job of an intermediate zone in 3.5" screen linerSpacing of Straddle Packers 49 ft. Figure 134746 ft. 4790 ft.
Lot's of well-completion challenges face operators to exploit comprehensive reservoirs and old oil field, such as interzonal channeling, up water and bottom water etc. The conventional well completion ways can't solve them effectively. For example, cementing method couldn't isolate well for the short interval between layers, otherwise it will contaminate the reservoir, and normal inflating External Casing Packer (ECP) method couldn't do well for its short life downhole and low isolation pressure. Recent advances in one of the old well-completion ways, namely Cement Slurry Inflating External Casing Packer (CSIECP) technology, will play a key role in meeting these challenges. This significant technological breakthrough made it possible to inflate several ECPs with cement slurry in one well profile. The CSIECP technology provides permanent and dependable isolation between layers because cement slurry will solidify to be cement stone. So this technology will benefit for producing and later stimulating operation, avoid cement slurry contaminating the reservoir, and raise output. The Drilling Technology Research Institute of Shengli Oil Field studies this technology and puts it into application firstly in 2002, P.R.China. The technology consists of three key techniques: special tools, high quality cement slurry and advanced process. This paper will give them detailed description including their properties and results of large-scale testing. In addition to a description of the technology research, the paper will present applications of CSIECP technology in Shengli Oil Field. Some are used to seal thin layer channeling, and some are used as isolation for stimulating operation and producing apart. More than twenty wells' applications show how this significant technological breakthrough provides cost-effective solutions to several completion problems that have loomed as obstacles to comprehensive reservoir exploitation. The CSIECP technology is not only an important technical measure to develop thin-bed reservoir, but also one of the effective well completion technologies for extended-reach and horizontal well. It has great economic and social benefits. Introduction The favorable flow condition is built between oil well and oil reservoir though well completion. It can isolate the oil, gas and water layer in well bore and achieve a sound operation on the oil well and a sound production of the oil well. If the annular space cann't be isolated completely, interzonal channeling will take place, which will affect the productivity of oil reservoir and even lead to oil well abandonment. The solution of well completion technique is an important measure to raise the production life of oil well, increase the recovery efficiency of oil reservoir and raise the benefit of oil-field development. The CSIECP technology is an advanced well completion technique based on conventional hydraulic inflating (such as water, drilling fluid and so on) packer technology. The process is to design firstly the number of ECPs and the setting location according to the geologic condition, then to hang the serial connection on the liner with liner hanger in well, and at last, the special cement slurry with fine fluidity and long solidification time will be used to inflate ECPs permanently so as to isolate effectively various layers (the structure of well completion string is shown in Fig.1). The technology consists of three key techniques: special tools, high quality cement slurry and advanced process. The detailed descriptions are as follows: 1. Tool technique The tool technology includes CSIECP and inner working string tool. The CSIECP used in this technology is composed of spindle, expansible rubber element and a set of pressure control valve system (The structure of ECP is shown in Fig.2). Work principle: high-pressure cement slurry pour in the cavity between expansible rubber element and spindle through pressure control valve system, then expansible rubber element swells to the outside of spindle so as to isolate the layers above and below the packer. When the internal pressure of expansible rubber element reaches a certain value, valve hole is closed permanently. After cement slurry solidifies, the strong isolation body will be formed.
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