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Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and prune dwarf virus (PDV) are pollen-transmitted ilarviruses that affect stone fruits. Both viruses are widespread in peach orchards in the southeastern United States. Although symptoms may not always be present, typical symptoms of PNRSV infection in peaches include stunting, chlorosis, and decline of the tree over time, while PDV infection is associated with stunted growth and shortened internodes. Co-infection with PNRSV and PDV can lead to peach stunt disease, causing yield losses of up to 55%. Here we provide information on the diagnostic methods currently available with considerations for selecting the best method based on plant tissue, sampling season, sample number, and cost. The ecology of PNRSV and PDV, including their movement within and between plants and the role of wild hosts as reservoirs, is also discussed. Both PNRSV and PDV are primarily transmitted through vegetative propagation and pollen; the latter could be horizontal between co-occurring blooming trees and/or vertical from parent to progeny. Certain insect groups play a role in spreading PNRSV and PDV in greenhouse and field settings. Management strategies to prevent virus spread, including clean plant programs which provide virus-negative propagation materials, and cultural management practices, such as removing infected trees, are emphasized to prevent secondary spread. While practical challenges persist in managing infection sources and wild hosts, proactive measures are essential to mitigate the spread of PNRSV and PDV and safeguard the peach industry.
Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and prune dwarf virus (PDV) are pollen-transmitted ilarviruses that affect stone fruits. Both viruses are widespread in peach orchards in the southeastern United States. Although symptoms may not always be present, typical symptoms of PNRSV infection in peaches include stunting, chlorosis, and decline of the tree over time, while PDV infection is associated with stunted growth and shortened internodes. Co-infection with PNRSV and PDV can lead to peach stunt disease, causing yield losses of up to 55%. Here we provide information on the diagnostic methods currently available with considerations for selecting the best method based on plant tissue, sampling season, sample number, and cost. The ecology of PNRSV and PDV, including their movement within and between plants and the role of wild hosts as reservoirs, is also discussed. Both PNRSV and PDV are primarily transmitted through vegetative propagation and pollen; the latter could be horizontal between co-occurring blooming trees and/or vertical from parent to progeny. Certain insect groups play a role in spreading PNRSV and PDV in greenhouse and field settings. Management strategies to prevent virus spread, including clean plant programs which provide virus-negative propagation materials, and cultural management practices, such as removing infected trees, are emphasized to prevent secondary spread. While practical challenges persist in managing infection sources and wild hosts, proactive measures are essential to mitigate the spread of PNRSV and PDV and safeguard the peach industry.
Edaphic conditions are determinant factors of fruit quality at harvest. The objective was to establish which edaphic variables influence fruit harvest and to determine the influence of these variables on some physicochemical and physiological characteristics of ‘Horvin’ plum fruits at harvest. In the municipality of Nuevo Colon (Boyaca, Colombia), records of two harvests were made in four locations during 2015 and 2016. Ten trees per row and twenty trees per location were marked, for a total of 80 trees for the four locations. For the chemical soil analyses, four samples were taken per location at a depth between 20 and 30 cm, for a total of 16 soil samples. For the physical analysis, 6 samples were taken per location at a depth between 20 and 30 cm, for a total of 24 soil samples. The results showed that the bulk density in the four locations was high, which is evidence of high levels of compaction in each location, resulting in low fruit development at harvest. A relationship was found with fruits at harvest in characteristics such as weight and diameter for some chemical variables, such as pH, phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, boron and sulfur.
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