History and Principles of Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensing

Measurement of lens focal length with Hartmann–Shack wavefront sensor based on 4F system

“…By examining the shift in position of the rays compared to that of an ideal lens, the aberrations, wavefront map, MTF, and other parameters could be determined. In the late 1960s, Roland Shack proposed first shifting for the measurement plane to the pupil plane and then using a grid of lenslets to sample larger areas [15], while still providing measurements over sub-apertures. Fig.…”

“…Fig. 1 shows the arrangement of a typical modern Hartmann-Shack sensor [16][17][18]. In this case a lenslet array, fabricated using photolithography and etching in fused silica, is used to collect the light and direct it onto a CCD array sensor.…”

Wave-front reconstruction with Hartmann–Shack sensor using a phase-retrieval method

“…The HSWS is evolved from the HWS by replacing the holes array with a micro-lens array [18], consequently the luminous energy is utilized more sufficiently. The HSWS is consisted of a micro-lens array focusing on a CCD sensor.…”

Advances in Retinal Imaging

“…The wavefront sensor most commonly used in astronomy and ophthalmology was constructed by Platt and Shack [227] based on the concept by Hartmann [228]. A Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor (HS-WS) is composed of a lenslet array and a CCD camera.…”