History and Overview of Neural Engineering

DiLorenzo, Daniel J.; Gross, Robert A.

doi:10.1201/9780849381850.pt1

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Electrical stimulation to treat epilepsy is applied to a variety of targets within the nervous system (Theodore and Fisher, 2004; for a historical perspective see DiLorenzo and Gross, 2008). For the peripheral nervous system (PNS), electricity applied to the vagus nerve was shown to decrease the number of seizures, their duration, and their severity; vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) treatment has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and many other health organizations throughout the world (Binnie, 2000;Valencia et al, 2001;Ben Menachem, 2002).…”

Section: Electrical Stimulation Of the Nervous System As A Therapeuticmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epileptic amygdala: Toward the development of a neural prosthesis by temporally coded electrical stimulation

Cota

Drabowski

Oliveira

et al. 2016

J of Neuroscience Research

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Many patients with epilepsy do not obtain proper control of their seizures through conventional treatment. We review aspects of the pathophysiology underlying epileptic phenomena, with a special interest in the role of the amygdala, stressing the importance of hypersynchronism in both ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. We then review experimental studies on electrical stimulation of mesiotemporal epileptogenic areas, the amygdala included, as a means to treat medically refractory epilepsy. Regular high-frequency stimulation (HFS) commonly has anticonvulsant effects and sparse antiepileptogenic properties. On the other hand, HFS is related to acute and long-term increases in excitability related to direct neuronal activation, long-term potentiation, and kindling, raising concerns regarding its safety and jeopardizing in-depth understanding of its mechanisms. In turn, the safer regular low-frequency stimulation (LFS) has a robust antiepileptogenic effect, but its pro- or anticonvulsant effect seems to vary at random among studies. As an alternative, studies by our group on the development and investigation of temporally unstructured electrical stimulation applied to the amygdala have shown that nonperiodic stimulation (NPS), which is a nonstandard form of LFS, is capable of suppressing both acute and chronic spontaneous seizures. We hypothesize two noncompetitive mechanisms for the therapeutic role of amygdala in NPS, 1) a direct desynchronization of epileptic circuitry in the forebrain and brainstem and 2) an indirect desynchronization/inhibition through nucleus accumbens activation. We conclude by reintroducing the idea that hypersynchronism, rather than hyperexcitability, may be the key for epileptic phenomena and epilepsy treatment.

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Section: Electrical Stimulation Of the Nervous System As A Therapeuticmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epileptic amygdala: Toward the development of a neural prosthesis by temporally coded electrical stimulation

Cota

Drabowski

Oliveira

et al. 2016

J of Neuroscience Research

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“…If the trial is successful, the incision is re-opened and this extension piece is cut, and new extensions are used to connect the leads to the IPG. [38,87]. The advantage of using paddle-type leads is that there is less risk of lead migration, where lead movement causes a loss of paresthesia over the painful region and possible stimulation of other regions, which is a serious complication associated with spinal cord stimulator implantation and requires revision surgery [93].…”

Section: Spinal Cord Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electrode-containing leads are connected to an implanted pulse generator (IPG) or a radio-frequency (RF) unit, both of which serve as pulse generators that drive the current. The IPG or RF unit is usually implanted in the lower abdominal area or in the gluteal region, but can also be implanted between the shoulder blades for cervical or occipital generators [38]. The IPG has its own battery, so replacement is eventually required, even if it is rechargeable.…”

Section: Spinal Cord Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neurostimulation is the cornerstone of neural engineering (neuroengineeering) and encompasses three subfields: [38]. Because neuromodulation and FES are used for similar applications, the two terms are commonly used interchangeably, but the procedures involved in terms of leads and electrode placement do differ.…”

Section: Neurostimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Frequency is the rate the pulses are transmitted, measured in hertz (Hz, cycles per second). A range of 20 to 120 Hz is common for this parameter, although much higher frequencies may be used for SCS for improved paresthesia, but this comes with the cost of higher power requirements [38,40]. The lowest possible settings for all these parameters are usually chosen to conserve battery life, especially in the case of implanted stimulators [38].…”

Section: Neurostimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating Hemodynamic Responses to Electrical Neurostimulation

Youra¹

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Investigating Hemodynamic Responses to Electrical Neurostimulation Sean YouraSince the 1900s, the number of deaths attributable to cardiovascular disease has steadily risen. With the advent of antihypertensive drugs and non-invasive surgical procedures, such as intravascular stenting, these numbers have begun to level off. Despite this trend, the number of patients diagnosed with some form of cardiovascular disease has only increased. By 2030, prevalence of coronary heart disease is expected to increase approximately by 18% in the United States. By 2050, prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease is expected to increase approximately by 98% in the U.S. No single drug or surgical intervention offers a complete solution to these problems. Thus, a multifaceted regimen of lifestyle changes, medication, and device or surgical interventions is usually necessary. A potential adjunct therapy and cost-effective solution for treating cardiovascular disease that has been overlooked is neurostimulation.Recent studies show that using neurostimulation techniques, such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), can help to reduce ischemic pain, lower blood pressure, increase blood flow to the periphery, and decrease systemic vascular resistance. The mechanisms by which these hemodynamic changes occur is still under investigation. The primary aim of this thesis is to elucidate these mechanisms through a thorough synthesis of the existing literature on this subject. Neurostimulation, specifically TENS, is thought to modulate both the metaboreflex and norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve terminals.To test the hypothesis that TENS increases local blood flow, decreases mean arterial pressure, and decreases cutaneous vascular resistance compared to placebo, in which the electrodes are attached but no electrical stimulation is applied, a protocol was developed to test the effect of neurostimulation on healthy subjects. Implementation of this protocol in a pilot study will determine if neurostimulation causes significant changes in blood flow using the most relevant perfusion measurement instrumentation. Before conducting this study, pre-pilot comparison studies of interferential current therapy (IFC) versus TENS, low frequency (4 Hz) TENS versus high frequency (100 Hz) TENS, and electrode placement on the back versus the forearm were conducted. The only statistically significant difference found was that the application of IFC on the back decreased the reperfusion time, meaning that the time required to reach the average baseline perfusion unit value after occlusion decreased. Further pre-pilot work investigating these different modalities and parameters is necessary to ensure that favorable hemodynamic changes can be detected in the pilot study.

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Emerging Frontiers of Neuroengineering: A Network Science of Brain Connectivity

Bassett

Khambhati

Grafton

2017

Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.

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Neuroengineering is faced with unique challenges in repairing or replacing complex neural systems that are composed of many interacting parts. These interactions form intricate patterns over large spatiotemporal scales and produce emergent behaviors that are difficult to predict from individual elements. Network science provides a particularly appropriate framework in which to study and intervene in such systems by treating neural elements (cells, volumes) as nodes in a graph and neural interactions (synapses, white matter tracts) as edges in that graph. Here, we review the emerging discipline of network neuroscience, which uses and develops tools from graph theory to better understand and manipulate neural systems from micro- to macroscales. We present examples of how human brain imaging data are being modeled with network analysis and underscore potential pitfalls. We then highlight current computational and theoretical frontiers and emphasize their utility in informing diagnosis and monitoring, brain–machine interfaces, and brain stimulation. A flexible and rapidly evolving enterprise, network neuroscience provides a set of powerful approaches and fundamental insights that are critical for the neuroengineer’s tool kit.

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History and Overview of Neural Engineering

Cited by 5 publications

References 1 publication

The epileptic amygdala: Toward the development of a neural prosthesis by temporally coded electrical stimulation

The epileptic amygdala: Toward the development of a neural prosthesis by temporally coded electrical stimulation

Investigating Hemodynamic Responses to Electrical Neurostimulation

Emerging Frontiers of Neuroengineering: A Network Science of Brain Connectivity

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