History and Fundamentals of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy

Encabo, Belén; Segurado, Gonzalo; González, Salvador

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45351-0_12

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…is creates an image with superior resolution (since much of the background fluorescence is eliminated). [1,6,7] Since the laser light is a point source, only a speck of the specimen is focused at any given time. Hence, to obtain the image of the specimen in its entirety, the laser light is run horizontally from one end of the field to the other -a process called scanning -producing an image mosaic of the specimen.…”

Section: Working Principle and Optics Of Confocal Microscopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4] Both models use diode laser at 830nm wavelength. [1,5] With in vivo CFM, one can explore the living tissue at a near histological resolution, visualizing the epidermis, dermo-epidermal junction, and upper dermis up to a depth of 200-250 µm. [13][14][15] Normal skin under in vivo RCM e appearance of the normal skin under in vivo RCM has been described.…”

Section: In Vivo Cfmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…e differences between the CFM and conventional fluorescence microscope lie in three key areas [Table 1]. [1,6,7] First, the RCM mode utilizes 830 nm and FCM mode 488 nm and 658 nm wavelength lasers. [1] is means that the light source used in CFM is a point source of laser Being monochromatic, the desired wavelength can be attained without a filter.…”

Section: Differences Between Cfm and Conventional Fluorescence Micros...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1,6,7] First, the RCM mode utilizes 830 nm and FCM mode 488 nm and 658 nm wavelength lasers. [1] is means that the light source used in CFM is a point source of laser Being monochromatic, the desired wavelength can be attained without a filter. [6,7] Second, there are strategically placed pinholes at conjugate focal planes in CFM, one near the light source and the other near the detector.…”

Section: Differences Between Cfm and Conventional Fluorescence Micros...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the past three decades, confocal microscopy (CFM) has evolved as a useful, non-invasive, imaging technology that has diagnostic and prognostic implications. [1] Modifications in technology have encouraged its use in a wide spectrum of skin conditions such as melanomas, skin tumors, melanocytic lesions, inflammatory dermatoses, and infections. [2,3] CFM has found applications in dermatology research and tele-dermatopathology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Confocal microscopy – Working principle and applications in dermatology

Jayamohanan¹

2022

JSSTD

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Confocal microscopy (CFM) is a novel, non-invasive tool with diagnostic and prognostic value. It has utility in a wide array of dermatological conditions, tele-dermatopathology, and dermatological research. The image contrast is imparted by the differential refractive properties of subcellular structures. Certain stains are also used to accentuate the image contrast. CFM enables the visualization of tissues both in vivo and ex vivo (after excision). Both reflectance (in vivo and ex vivo) and fluorescence modes (ex vivo) of CFM are utilized for imaging. One can view 3D images with a near histological resolution, but with a limited depth of penetration. CFM has reduced the number of biopsies required in the evaluation of skin cancers. However, conventional histopathology remains the gold standard in tumor diagnosis. The in vivo reflectance mode CFM has found applications in dermato-oncology, inflammatory dermatoses, cutaneous infections and infestations, skin aging, and pigmentary disorders. The ex vivo CFM facilitates the immediate perioperative examination of excised tissues. The limited depth of view, photobleaching (in fluorescence mode CFM), high cost, and steep learning curve are the disadvantages. The future of CFM appears promising with the introduction of modified microscopes, the use of specific stains, and the incorporation of artificial intelligence.

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Section: Working Principle and Optics Of Confocal Microscopementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Vivo Cfmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Differences Between Cfm and Conventional Fluorescence Micros...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Differences Between Cfm and Conventional Fluorescence Micros...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Confocal microscopy – Working principle and applications in dermatology

Jayamohanan¹

2022

JSSTD

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Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT): principles and practical use

Ogien¹,

Tavernier²,

Fischman³

et al. 2023

Ital J Dermatol Venereol

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Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is a non-invasive optical imaging technique based on a combination of the optical principles of optical coherence tomography and reflectance confocal microscopy with line-field illumination, which can generate cell-resolved images of the skin, in vivo, in vertical section, horizontal section and in three dimensions. This article reviews the optical principles of LC-OCT, including low coherence interferometry, confocal filtering and line-field arrangement. The optical setup allowing for the acquisition of color images of the skin surface in parallel with LC-OCT images, without compromising LC-OCT performance, is also presented. Practical use of LC-OCT is demonstrated through an overview of the workflow of examining a patient using a commercial handheld LC-OCT probe (deepLive™, DAMAE Medical), from creating the patient record in the software, acquiring the images, to reviewing and interpreting the images. LC-OCT can generate a significant amount of data, making automated deep learning algorithms particularly relevant for assisting in the analysis of LC-OCT images. A review of algorithms developed for skin layer segmentation, keratinocyte nuclei segmentation, and automatic detection of atypical keratinocyte nuclei is provided.

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History and Fundamentals of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy

Cited by 2 publications

References 17 publications

Confocal microscopy – Working principle and applications in dermatology

Confocal microscopy – Working principle and applications in dermatology

Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT): principles and practical use

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