History and current status of infant formulas

Anderson, Sue; Chinn, Herman I.; Fisher, Kenneth D.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/35.2.381

Cited by 42 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Pasteurization was adopted by the American dairy industry around 1890. This process killed tubercle bacilli and Brucella organisms, as well as some of the bacteria that produced acid and the souring of milk (39). Coit [as cited by Mixsell (45)] fought vigorously for clean, wholesome milk, helping to establish milk commissions that performed quality checks.…”

Section: Infant Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Koplik established the first American milk depot at the Good Samaritan Dispensary in Manhattan in 1889. Borden developed condensed milk in 1856, which was a significant advance in infant feeding because the milk was sterile until used (39). The advent of electric refrigeration in the 1920s also contributed to improving the quality of milk.…”

Section: Infant Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of papers appeared in the literature as early as 1898 on the association between boiling milk and the appearance of scurvy in infants. In 1932, Waugh and King, at the University of Pittsburgh, and Szent-Gyorgyi, a Hungarian scientist, isolated and synthesized ascorbic acid, or vitamin C. Beginning in 1948, infant formulas were fortified with ascorbic acid, and the incidence of scurvy was dramatically reduced (39).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Public health reports in the first decades of the 20th century show that in some sections of New York City, as many as 90% of black children showed signs of rickets before 15 mo of age (39). The high prevalence of rickets seen among all children was in large part a result of the industrialization of the large urban cities, with significant air pollution and children working indoors at very young ages.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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History of Pediatric Nutrition and Fluid Therapy

2003

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Many of the individual nutrients in the human diet have been recognized for hundreds of years. However, identifying the daily requirements for these nutrients and their role in human metabolism and homeostasis are recent developments. Although, historically, the major focus in pediatric nutrition has been growth, attention to the relationship between dietary nutrients and other health outcomes, such as host defense, psychomotor development, and long-term health, has occurred only recently and has led to major advances in our understanding of the importance of nutrition in infancy and childhood. Several of the important advances in our understanding of the role of micronutrients and macronutrients in the health and development of infants and children are described below, along with historically relevant events in the history of infant feeding, childhood nutrition, and public health and fluid therapy. The history of infant feeding and formula development is given special emphasis because in many ways it is synonymous with the early history of the science of pediatric nutrition and also because of its importance in the practice of pediatrics in the past century. Each of the topics discussed in this review could serve as the basis for a full historical review by itself, and because of space limitations, many topics are not even discussed. Thus many, and perhaps most, of the individuals who have contributed in a very important way to the development of our understanding of the science of pediatric nutrition have not been mentioned. For this we apologize.Energy. We have only recently begun to unravel the complex central and peripheral signaling pathways and chemical messengers that govern energy intake and expenditure in healthy and compromised infants and children. The technique of indirect calorimetry pioneered by Voit in the last half of the 19th century and applied to infants by Forster in 1877 [as

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Section: Infant Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Infant Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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History of Pediatric Nutrition and Fluid Therapy

2003

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“…In particular, cow milk-allergic infants may subsist on soya-derived milk for many months (55). The magnitude of the potential problem can be gauged from the estimate of 10,000 to 30,000 infants supposedly suffering from allergy to cows' milk in the USA per annum (56).…”

Section: Implications For Potential Human Pancreatic Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of soybean flour on the pancreas of rats.

McGuinness¹,

Morgan²,

Wormsley³

1984

Environ Health Perspect

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We have reviewed the growth-promoting and carcinogenic effects of feeding raw soya flour to rats. If the raw soya flour-containing diets are fed for more than a year, about 10% of the animals develop pancreatic cancer. In addition, feeding raw soya flour markedly potentiates the action of even subthreshold amounts of pancreatic carcinogens. The raw soya flour therefore acts as a potent promoter, as well as a weak carcinogen. In view of this promotion, the rat fed raw soya flour is a sensitive model for screening pancreatic carcinogens.It is not known whether the human pancreas responds to dietary trypsin inhibitors in a manner similar to the rat. However, in view of the use of soya-based products in human nutrition-especially in infant foods-we urge that the effect of all soya-based products intended for human use be tested on the rat pancreas in long-term feeding studies, combined with subthreshold doses of azaserine to highlight any promoting activity of the product. It seems probable that if a product exerts no effect on the rat pancreas, the human pancreas will also be spared from noxious effects. Morphological Aspects Macroscopic FeaturesRaw soya flour-containing diets have been shown to produce enlargement of the rat pancreas after administration for as little as 10 to 20 days (1). The pancreatic enlargement has been shown to reflect both hypertrophy (defined as increase in cellular size and amount of protein per unit of DNA) (2) and also hyperplasia (increase in the amount of DNA and number of cells in the gland) (3). We have shown that the pancreatic growth-promoting effects continue, ifthe administration of raw soya flour is maintained, but becomes progressively more marked in an exponential manner at some time between 30 and 60 weeks of feeding raw soya flour-containing diets (4).During the period of pancreatic enlargement, the gland changes color to become dark red, reflecting increased vascularity and blood flow, as demonstrated by use of microspheres (unpublished results).Some time between 24 and 30 weeks after the start of raw soya flour-containing diets, small greyish patches become visible on the surface of the gland. Subsequently, overt nodules appear and increase in size (6). These changes correlate with the growth of the gland and with the increased secretory response to stimulants of the pancreas of these animals (7).After feeding raw soya flour-containing diets for 16 to 24 weeks, a few microscopic foci can be found scattered throughout the pancreas. The number and size of the nodules increases with the duration of feeding (4) Reversibility of Morphological ChangesThe pancreatic weights, protein content and morphological appearances revert to normal when rats are fed raw soya flour for 5 days (8), 4 weeks (9) and 6 months (unpublished observations) and then receive non-soyacontaining diets.If rats are fed raw soya flour for as long as 6 months and the diet is then changed to non-soya-containing chow, nodules are not found at death a year or more later, so that histologically the pancreas o...

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The History, Current Status, and Future of Nutritional Food Product Development

Schmidl¹,

Labuza²

1991

Food Product Development

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History and current status of infant formulas

Cited by 42 publications

References 52 publications

History of Pediatric Nutrition and Fluid Therapy

History of Pediatric Nutrition and Fluid Therapy

Effects of soybean flour on the pancreas of rats.

The History, Current Status, and Future of Nutritional Food Product Development

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