Historical tsunamis in South China

Mak, Sum; Chan, Linda S.

doi:10.1007/s11069-007-9113-6

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Radiocarbon and 230 Th/ 234 U dating of coral microatolls (0.8 m amsl) at Paraoir site reveal ages that range from 1.5 to 1.1 ka (Hosono 2003;Abigania 2011). However, recent analysis of historical tsunamis in written records and regional databases of the SCS region still present challenges in evaluating the validity of past tsunami events (Mak and Chan 2007;Lau et al 2010). …”

Section: Historical Extreme Wave Events Across the Manila Trench And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of 1 ka-old corals on an uplifted reef terrace in west Luzon, Philippines: Implications for a prehistoric extreme wave event in the South China Sea region

et al. 2017

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Recent 230Th dating of fossil corals in west Luzon has provided new insights on the emergence of late Quaternary marine terraces that fringe west Luzon Island facing the Manila Trench. Apart from regional sea level changes, accumulated uplift from aseismic and seismic processes may have influenced the emergence of sea level indicators such as coral terraces and notches. Varied elevations of middle-to-late Holocene coral terraces along the west Luzon coasts reveal the differential uplift that is probably associated with the movement of local onland faults or upper-plate structures across the Manila Trench forearc basin. In Badoc Island, offshore west of Luzon mainland, we found notably young fossil corals, dated at 945.1 ± 4.6 years BP and 903.1 ± 3.9 years BP, on top of a ~5-m-high reef platform. To constrain the mechanism of emergence or emplacement of these fossil corals, we use field geomorphic data and wave inundation models to constrain an extreme wave event that affected west Luzon about 1000 years ago. Our preliminary tectonic and tsunami models show that a megathrust rupture will likely lead to subsidence of a large part of the west Luzon coast, while permanent coastal uplift is attributed to an offshore upper-plate rupture in the northern Manila Trench forearc region. The modeled source fault ruptures and tsunami lead to a maximum wave height of more than 3 m and inundation distance as far as 2 km along the coasts of western and northern Luzon. While emplacement of coral boulders by an unusually strong typhoon is also likely, modeled storm surge heights along west Luzon do not exceed 2 m even with Typhoon Haiyan characteristics. Whether tsunami or unusually strong typhoon, the occurrence of a prehistoric extreme wave event in west Luzon remains an important issue in future studies of coastal hazards in the South China Sea region.

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Section: Historical Extreme Wave Events Across the Manila Trench And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of 1 ka-old corals on an uplifted reef terrace in west Luzon, Philippines: Implications for a prehistoric extreme wave event in the South China Sea region

et al. 2017

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“…The most destructive tsunami in Taiwan occurred on December 18, 1867, and affected the area of Keelung in northern Taiwan. The maximum tsunami height was 7.5 m at Keelung, and this tsunami left hundreds of people dead (Ma and Lee 1997;Mak and Chan 2007;Lau et al 2010). In contrast, the heights of other historical tsunamis were about 1 m or less.…”

Section: Regional Setting Historical Tsunamis In Taiwanmentioning

confidence: 97%

Numerical simulations to account for boulder movements on Lanyu Island, Taiwan: tsunami or storm?

Nakamura

Arashiro

Shiga

2014

Earth, Planets and Space

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Boulders that originated from the Holocene coral terrace and coral reef are distributed on the coral terrace or talus on the shore of Lanyu Island, Taiwan. We employed numerical simulation of storm waves and estimated whether the boulders could be moved by storm waves with a return period of 50 years, by larger storm waves with return periods of hundreds of years, or by tsunamis. The coral boulders are distributed between 36 and 128 m from the shoreline at elevations of 2.7 to 9.3 m. The sizes of the boulders are in the range 0.3 to 6.4 m. The boulder volume and a-axis length versus distance from the shore show weak and moderate correlation (r = 0.21 and 0.48), respectively. We reproduced the runup of waves using the equation of continuity for a two-dimensional non-compressive fluid and the Navier-Stokes formula. In order to handle the free surface of the fluid, the volume of fluid method was applied. For the flow velocity to move the boulder, we employed the theoretical formula for the transport of boulders. We used the wave height for a return period of 50 years and set the height of the input wave to 13.1 m. The results show that all the large boulders on Lanyu Island could be moved by storm waves with a return period of 50 years. Moreover, the computations show that most of the boulders could not have been transported by tsunamis generated by the Mw8.7 earthquakes. The ages of two boulders indicate that they were transported after 340 and 6,330 years ago. If these boulders were moved by tsunamis several hundred years ago, they would have been relocated subsequently by storm waves.

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“…There is no record of a tsunami in the 19 th century in the area. If the Malaulau story occurred in the late 18 th century, it can be related to the 1781 tsunami that was recorded in historical documents (Yu 1981;Hsu and Lee 1996;Mak and Chan 2007;Lau et al 2010). However, the tsunami amplitude caused by a Manila trench earthquake is small along most of the eastern coast of Taiwan, except Ilan ).…”

Section: Other Possibilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on historical documents, Ma and Lee (1997) calculated numerical simulations of tsunamis caused by large earthquakes around Taiwan. Recently, Mak and Chan (2007) and Lau et al (2010) revised historical tsunami databases for Taiwan and the South China Sea using numerous historical documents in which several tsunamis were reported as causing more than several fatalities in Taiwan. After the mid-18 th century, the wave events in 1781 in southern Taiwan and in 1878 off northern Taiwan are associated with large tsunamis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tsunami Folklore and Possible Tsunami Source on the Eastern Coast of Taiwan

Ando¹,

Nakamura²,

Lin³

2013

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

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Folklore tells of a large sea wave that struck an area of Chenggong on the eastern coast of Taiwan. This event is estimated to have occurred in the middle of the 19 th century based on an oral history of the area. Despite an estimated run-up height of more than 18 m, no other folklore related to a tsunami has been found in areas adjacent to the site for several reasons. Considering the importance of understanding the dangers posed to the eastern coast of Taiwan, numerical tsunami simulations were carried out to study localized amplification effects. Three tsunami sources were studied: (1) the westernmost portion of the Ryukyu trench, (2) offshore of Chenggong and (3) the source of the 1771 Yaeyama tsunami along the Ryukyu trench. Numerical simulations using detailed bathymetric maps reveal that possible tsunami waves are not significantly amplified around Chenggong; the eastern coast of Taiwan should have been affected by the 19 th century tsunami if it was large enough. This study emphasizes the importance of investigation of paleo-tsunamis along the eastern coast of Taiwan to assess the risk for future tsunami hazards.

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Historical tsunamis in South China

Cited by 25 publications

References 7 publications

Occurrence of 1 ka-old corals on an uplifted reef terrace in west Luzon, Philippines: Implications for a prehistoric extreme wave event in the South China Sea region

Occurrence of 1 ka-old corals on an uplifted reef terrace in west Luzon, Philippines: Implications for a prehistoric extreme wave event in the South China Sea region

Numerical simulations to account for boulder movements on Lanyu Island, Taiwan: tsunami or storm?

Tsunami Folklore and Possible Tsunami Source on the Eastern Coast of Taiwan

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