Historical Review on VTT Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil Production and Upgrading

Oasmaa, Anja; Lehto, Jani; Solantausta, Yrjö; Kallio, Sirpa

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00177

Cited by 65 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…More specifically, fast pyrolysis of organic feedstocks/wastes, such as biomass wastes, leads to enhanced production of liquid product (pyrolysis oil), which can reach up to 70-80 wt.%, along with the co-produced char and gases (mainly CO, CO 2 , and methane). The pyrolysis oil can serve as a pool of various value-added chemicals (e.g., phenolics) or can be upgraded downstream via hydrotreatment processes towards drop-in hydrocarbon biofuels or bio-crude to be co-processed with petroleum fractions in conventional refineries [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of Hazardous Organic Solid Wastes towards Fuels and Chemicals via Fast (Catalytic) Pyrolysis

Rekos

Charisteidis

Tzamos

et al. 2022

Sustainable Chemistry

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The management of municipal and industrial organic solid wastes has become one of the most critical environmental problems in modern societies. Nowadays, commonly used management techniques are incineration, composting, and landfilling, with the former one being the most common for hazardous organic wastes. An alternative eco-friendly method that offers a sustainable and economically viable solution for hazardous wastes management is fast pyrolysis, being one of the most important thermochemical processes in the petrochemical and biomass valorization industry. The objective of this work was to study the application of fast pyrolysis for the valorization of three types of wastes, i.e., petroleum-based sludges and sediments, residual paints left on used/scrap metal packaging, and creosote-treated wood waste, towards high-added-value fuels, chemicals, and (bio)char. Fast pyrolysis experiments were performed on a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor for the determination of product yields, i.e., pyrolysis (bio)oil, gases, and solids (char). In addition, the composition of (bio)oil was also determined by Py/GC-MS tests. The thermal pyrolysis oil from the petroleum sludge was only 15.8 wt.% due to the remarkably high content of ash (74 wt.%) of this type of waste, in contrast to the treated wood and the residual paints (also containing 30 wt.% inorganics), which provided 46.9 wt.% and 35 wt.% pyrolysis oil, respectively. The gaseous products ranged from ~7.9 wt.% (sludge) to 14.7 (wood) and 19.2 wt.% (paints), while the respective solids (ash, char, reaction coke) values were 75.1, 35, and 36.9 wt.%. The thermal (non-catalytic) pyrolysis of residual paint contained relatively high concentrations of short acrylic aliphatic ester (i.e., n-butyl methacrylate), being valuable monomers in the polymer industry. The use of an acidic zeolitic catalyst (ZSM-5) for the in situ upgrading of the pyrolysis vapors induced changes on the product yields (decreased oil due to cracking reactions and increased gases and char/coke), but mostly on the pyrolysis oil composition. The main effect of the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was that, for all three organic wastes, the catalytic pyrolysis oils were enriched in the value-added mono-aromatics (BTX), especially in the case of the treated wood waste and residual paints. The non-condensable gases were mostly consisting of CO, CO2, and different amounts of C1–C4 hydrocarbons, depending on initial feed and use or not of the catalyst that increased the production of ethylene and propylene.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of Hazardous Organic Solid Wastes towards Fuels and Chemicals via Fast (Catalytic) Pyrolysis

Rekos

Charisteidis

Tzamos

et al. 2022

Sustainable Chemistry

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“…One large-scale pyrolysis unit is under construction in Sweden (Pyrocell, Gävle) to produce FPBO to cofeed with vacuum gas oil in an existing oil refinery of Preem. 1 − 5 Demonstration of FPBO for heating has been done, 6 − 8 and standardization of FPBO as a boiler fuel has been carried out under the American Society for Testing and Materials and European Committee for Standardization guidelines. 9 Quality specifications for the use of FPBO in industrial boilers (>1 MW h) are set by standard EN 16900-:2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Lipophilic Extractives from Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils

et al. 2022

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Fast pyrolysis bio-oils (FPBOs) originating from forest residues contain extractive-derived substances, which may form a separate, sticky layer with char particles on the surface of these bio-oils. In this study, first, the removal of extractive-derived substances from the bio-oil top phase was studied by common solvents with different polarities. In this case, the results indicated that when aimed at the maximum yield of single-phase fuel oil and thus the maximum amount of extractives removed, the use of n -heptane or n -hexane seems to be of benefit for this purpose. For safety reasons, the use of n -heptane was recommended. Second, an analysis practice (extraction time and the way of mixing) was optimized. In order to reduce the extraction time and enhance the extraction yield, it was important to break the oil surface in extraction. Third, based on the characterization results of the n -heptane extract by gas chromatography and ultraviolet spectroscopy, the detected compounds were classified as fatty acids, resin acids, esterified fatty acids, terpenoids, and steroids, and their total content (27 wt %) was lower than that of lignin-derived compounds (70 wt %). The extraction of the FPBO top phase with n -heptane followed by this analysis practice was a useful way to estimate the content and composition of lipophilic extractives.

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“…Fast pyrolysis processes are characterized with short gas phase residence times and high liquid yields. In addition to liquid, noncondensable gases and solid char are produced, but the product distribution is highly dependent on the used feedstock . Potential applications for lignin derived pyrolysis liquids include catalytic hydrogenation into aromatics and aliphatic componets and replacement of fossil phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to liquid, noncondensable gases and solid char are produced, but the product distribution is highly dependent on the used feedstock. 10 Potential applications for lignin derived pyrolysis liquids include catalytic hydrogenation into aromatics and aliphatic componets 11 and replacement of fossil phenol in phenol−formaldehyde resins. 12 Commercially available reactor technologies for biomass fast pyrolysis are circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) and rotating cone reactors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Pyrolysis of Hydrolysis Lignin in Fluidized Bed Reactors

et al. 2021

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Fast pyrolysis of hydrolysis lignin was studied in fluidized bed units. Hydrolysis lignin, a bioproduct from the lignocellulosic ethanol production process (St1 Cellunolix), was processed in bench scale bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) and pilot scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) units. Utilization of steam and ethanol as hydrogen sources was tested in a BFB unit. Major technical challenges identified were related to slow reaction rates of lignin degradation and the rapid secondary reactions in the vapor phase resulting in deposit formation and pressure buildup in product gas lines. The carbohydrate content of hydrolysis lignin had a clear correlation to its processability. More challenges with clogging and bed agglomeration were observed with lignin feedstock having lower carbohydrate content. The challenges with the bed agglomeration in the BFB unit were overcome by adding a rapidly rotating mixer in the reactor to break the agglomerates. With the CFB unit, bed agglomeration was not a problem, due to high gas velocities and forces applied to sand and lignin particles. In the BFB unit, the screw feeder was cooled and no significant melting problems were observed. In the CFB unit, melting problems were avoided by feeding the raw material in the cold section of reactor. However, severe increases in the pressure buildup and deposit formation rates were observed in both units. Steam and ethanol was tested, separately, in the BFB unit, to provide excess hydrogen in the system. Based on the product analyses both added hydrogen into the system, but hydrogen ended up mostly in the gas phase. To enhance the hydrogen transfer to the organic liquid, a catalyst active in hydrogen transfer is probably needed.

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Historical Review on VTT Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil Production and Upgrading

Cited by 65 publications

References 74 publications

Valorization of Hazardous Organic Solid Wastes towards Fuels and Chemicals via Fast (Catalytic) Pyrolysis

Valorization of Hazardous Organic Solid Wastes towards Fuels and Chemicals via Fast (Catalytic) Pyrolysis

Analysis of Lipophilic Extractives from Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils

Fast Pyrolysis of Hydrolysis Lignin in Fluidized Bed Reactors

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