Historical redlining and the epidemiology of present-day firearm violence in the United States: A multi-city analysis

Exposure to Neighborhood Racialized Economic Segregation and Reinjury and Violence Perpetration Among Survivors of Violent Injuries

“…There were 1843 patients (median [IQR] age, 27 [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Patient demographics, baseline comorbidities, and neighborhood and injury characteristics differed by level of neighborhood deprivation (Table 1). Compared with patients living in areas of higher privilege, those residing in areas with higher levels of deprivation experienced violent injury at a younger median (IQR) age (T1: 29 [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] years; T2: 26 [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] years; T3: 27…”

“…The ICE scale has been used in multiple studies of the distribution of health outcomes . Racialized economic segregation is the intentional product of historical and ongoing actions, including redlining, block busting, and gentrification, by governmental and private entities; each of these actions has reinforced the spatial separation of racial and ethnic groups and differential access to economic resources, such as well-paying jobs and high-quality education . Conceptually, this measure is better able to detect the variation in privilege that occurs at low levels of deprivation compared with similar measures .…”

“…29,[33][34][35] Racialized economic segregation is the intentional product of historical and ongoing actions, including redlining, block busting, and gentrification, by governmental and private entities; each of these actions has reinforced the spatial separation of racial and ethnic groups and differential access to economic resources, such as well-paying jobs and high-quality education. 28,[36][37][38][39][40] Conceptually, this measure is better able to detect the variation in privilege that occurs at low levels of deprivation compared with similar measures. 41 Prior work found that the race and ethnicity-income ICE estimated community violence better than race and ethnicity or income alone 29 ; the race and ethnicity-income ICE may be the single best factor estimating neighborhood-level violence rates.…”

Social Vulnerability Index is strongly associated with urban pediatric firearm violence: An analysis of five major US cities

“…Both redlining and gentrification have been linked to the development of socially vulnerable neighborhoods and a high susceptibility to firearm violence. [34][35][36] Minority populations are often left concentrated in urban areas suffering from community disinvestment, reflected in the negative association between pediatric firearm-related injury and multi-unit structures-which often appear clustered in these cities near well-funded financial districts, bustling tourism or shopping centers, and areas filled with high-rise residential condominiums. We believe that this highlights the role that geography and city planning can play in firearm violence.…”

“…The very strong association between minority populations and pediatric firearm-related injury is almost certainly connected to a history of structural racism within US urban environments. Both redlining and gentrification have been linked to the development of socially vulnerable neighborhoods and a high susceptibility to firearm violence 34–36 . Minority populations are often left concentrated in urban areas suffering from community disinvestment, reflected in the negative association between pediatric firearm-related injury and multi-unit structures—which often appear clustered in these cities near well-funded financial districts, bustling tourism or shopping centers, and areas filled with high-rise residential condominiums.…”