Historical perspectives on the biology of brain metastasis

Waters, J. Dawn; Hoshide, Reid; Jandial, Rahul

doi:10.1007/s10585-017-9859-5

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In spite of great breakthroughs in cancer management we have made in recent years, brain metastasis of various malignant cancers remains a clinical challenge 17 . In 2016, 100 000 to 250 000 cancer patients were diagnosed with brain metastasis and their average survival time were estimated to be less than 1 year in the United States 18 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In spite of great breakthroughs in cancer management we have made in recent years, brain metastasis of various malignant cancers remains a clinical challenge. 17 In 2016, 100 000 to 250 000 cancer patients were diagnosed with brain metastasis and their average survival time were estimated to be less than 1 year in the United States. 18 It has been reported that 45% of lung cancer, 15% of breast cancer and 10% of melanoma and colorectal cancer end up with metastasis to the central nervous system, and the outcomes of brain metastasis tumor are rather dismal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces brain metastasis via SDF‐1/CXCR4 axis and protecting blood‐brain barrier

Chen

Zhou

et al. 2020

Molecular Carcinogenesis

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Brain metastasis is a leading cause of death worldwide, but the mechanism involved remains unclear. Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1)/C‐X‐C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) signaling has been reported to induce the directed metastasis of cancers, and adenosine A2A receptor activation suppresses the SDF‐1/CXCR4 interaction. However, whether A2A receptor activation implicates the SDF‐1/CXCR4 signaling pathway and thus modulates brain metastasis remains unclear. In this study, Western blot was performed to evaluate the protein levels. Cell invasion and migration assays were used to estimate the metastasis ability of PC‐9 cells. The viability of cells was demonstrated by lactate dehydrogenase and cell proliferation assays. And the findings in vitro were further identified in nude mice. Notably, adenosine A2A receptor activation inhibited the proliferation and viability of PC‐9 cells and thus suppressed the brain metastasis. A2A receptor stimulation protected the function of blood‐brain barrier (BBB). The suppression of brain metastasis and the protection of BBB by A2A receptor relied on SDF‐1/CXCR4 signaling, and treatment using A2A receptor agonist and CXCR4 antagonist protected the nude mice from malignancy metastasis in vivo. Adenosine A2A receptor activation suppressed the brain metastasis by implicating the SDF‐1/CXCR4 axis and protecting the BBB.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces brain metastasis via SDF‐1/CXCR4 axis and protecting blood‐brain barrier

Chen

Zhou

et al. 2020

Molecular Carcinogenesis

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“…Despite the recent substantial breakthroughs in the management of cancers, brain metastasis of several malignancies is still a challenging clinical condition [29,30]. Up to a quarter of a million new diagnoses of brain, metastasis were reported in 2016 alone in the United States with an average survival time of patients being less than a year [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defibrotide suppresses brain metastasis by activating the adenosine A2A receptors

et al. 2022

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Brain metastasis is a devastating clinical condition globally as one of the most common central nervous system malignancies. The current study aimed to assess the effect of defibrotide, an Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, against brain metastasis and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Two tumor cell lines with high brain metastasis potential, PC-9 and 231-BR, were subjected to defibrotide treatment of increasing dosage. The metastasis capacity of the tumor cells was evaluated by cell invasion and migration assays. Western blotting was employed to determine the levels of tight junction proteins in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) including Occludin, Zo-1, and Claudin-5, as well as metastasis-related proteins including CXCR4, MMP-2, and MMP-9. The in-vitro observations were further verified in nude mice, by monitoring the growth of xenograft tumors, mouse survival and brain metastasis foci following defibrotide treatment. Defibrotide inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion, and promotes lactate dehydrogenase release of brain metastatic tumor cells, elevated the levels of BBB tight junction proteins and metastasis-related proteins. Such beneficial role of defibrotide was mediated by its inhibitory action on the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling axis both in vitro and in vivo, as CXCR4 agonist SDF1α negated the anti-tumoral effect of defibrotide on mouse xenograft tumor growth, mouse survival and brain metastasis. Defibrotide inhibits brain metastasis through activating the adenosine A2A receptors, which in turn inhibits the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling axis. Our study hereby proposes defibrotide as a new and promising candidate drug against brain metastasis of multiple organ origins.

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“…The first article of this special issue is a report by Waters et al where the past accomplishments and the historical basis of oncologic discovery is described as a launching pad for present and future research applications [1]. The milestones in the scientific basis of metastasis are highlighted, and are directly honored by inspiring basic sciences research on the pathophysiologic mechanisms of metastasis in today's laboratories.…”

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confidence: 99%

Curing brain metastases

Jandial

2017

Clin Exp Metastasis

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can be cured-even prevented. As we understand more about the neural niche, it may become possible to design strategies to target the maladaptive metastatic mechanisms within this physiologic habitat.Metastatic cancers are known to demonstrate different metabolic behavior compared to their primary counterparts. While much is still needed to be known to undoubtedly connect the mechanisms of biochemical metabolism to cerebral metastasis, the ability to detect the accumulation or exhaustion of biochemical metabolites have been a topic of recent research. In the next review, Ciminera et al. [3] discuss the metabolic derangements occur with breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanomas in the context of brain metastases, and what they mean in terms of new treatment strategies.The understanding of the variety of surgical strategies and their associated outcomes have enabled neurosurgeons to perform the most effective surgery possible, thus reducing collateral injuries that once made surgery an dangerous endeavor. In this special issue, Ferguson et al. describe the updates with surgical standard of care with regards to metastatic tumors within the CNS [4]. Refining the art of surgical technique through technology reduces operation-related morbidity to the point where the surgeon no longer becomes more dangerous than the cancer, empowering neurosurgeons to treat without fear of administering undue harm.The advancements of targeted-and immune-therapies have given hope with regards to a new type of therapy for cancer cure. In a review by Nam et al. the theory and application of targeted and immunotherapy will be discussed with respect to CNS-involved metastatic cancers [5]. The use of engineered antibodies recruits the body's own immune system to battle metastatic cancers. This tailored approach is relatively nascent with regards to cancer treatment strategies, but has risen in becoming the standard of care in certain applications.Cancers that invade the brain are universally fatal. The corrosive nature of invasive cancers on the delicate neurologic framework generates harrowing neurologic deficits that can be devastating on quality of life of our cancer patients. Despite significant advances in the diagnosis and management of brain metastases, poor prognoses are inevitable even with when applying the best standard treatment strategies. This sobering fact is an ugly confession that we are still far from winning the battle against cancer metastasis in the central nervous system (CNS).This special issue of Clinical and Experimental Metastasis is devoted to reporting the advancements in the battle against cancer metastases to the brain.Experiments as early as 1889 have discovered the exploitation of cancer cells within the central nervous system. The first article of this special issue is a report by Waters et al. where the past accomplishments and the historical basis of oncologic discovery is described as a launching pad for present and future research applications [1]. The milestones in the scientific basis of metastasis are h...

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Historical perspectives on the biology of brain metastasis

Cited by 3 publications

References 19 publications

Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces brain metastasis via SDF‐1/CXCR4 axis and protecting blood‐brain barrier

Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces brain metastasis via SDF‐1/CXCR4 axis and protecting blood‐brain barrier

Defibrotide suppresses brain metastasis by activating the adenosine A2A receptors

Curing brain metastases

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