Historical Perspectives: Low Birthweight and Preterm Infants in Indonesia

Abstract

The incidence of infants with low birthweight (LBW), prematurity, and small for gestational age (SGA) in Indonesia remains high, and the morbidity and mortality in these infants are significant. To study these groups of infants in Indonesia, the author searched PubMed/Medline, the Cochrane Library, Google, Indonesian reports, local publications, and doctoral and master theses in English and Indonesian from 1987 to February 2019. In this review, the development of local reference growth charts of infants born in Indonesia is described, as well as the importance of these curves in defining the prevalence of SGA infants. Some of the risk factors associated with LBW, preterm, and SGA Indonesian infants are described. The author also discusses the effectiveness of specific interventions, such as kangaroo mother care, early initiation of enteral feedings, increased breastfeeding rates, and identifying the optimal timing of hospital discharge. Some of the morbidities associated with LBW infants born in Indonesia are described. Advances in hospital care and postdischarge follow-up of LBW, preterm, and SGA infants born in Indonesia are critical to decrease the morbidity and mortality rates associated with these populations.

The Relationship of Various Risk Factors with LBW in South Tangerang City General Hospital for the Period March-October 2021

“…Meanwhile, if the mother becomes pregnant when she is too old (> 35 years), endometrial fertility and ovum quality have decreased, as well as the increased risk of the mother experiencing chronic diseases, such as hypertension or diabetes mellitus, which can cause delays in the transmission of food to the fetus through the placenta, which will increase the risk of having low birth weight, 14 congenital syndromes, and affect the health of mother and child during pregnancy. 15,16 Relationship of Maternal Education with LBW In this study, the significance value of the relationship between the mother's last education and LBW was found to be a significant value of p=0.087, which means that the relationship between the mother's last education and LBW was not significant (p>0.05). The results of this study are in accordance with the research of Rahim and Muharry, where the maternal education variable is not significantly related to the incidence of LBW (p = 0.669).…”

Hubungan antara Kadar Hemoglobin dan Jumlah Leukosit dengan Kejadian Prematuritas di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung

“…Insidensi kelahiran prematur di Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin Bandung mencapai 38,54% pada tahun 2015-2016. 2,6,7 Kelahiran prematur diasosiasikan dengan biaya yang signifikan pada sistem kesehatan, dan keluarga dengan bayi prematur sering mengalami kesulitan dan masalah psikologi maupun finansial. Laporan tahun 2006 dari Institute of Medicine mengestimasi jumlah biaya tahunan untuk kelahiran prematur di Amerika Serikat pada angka $26,2 miliar atau lebih dari $51.000 per bayi prematur.…”

“…Patofisiologi yang memicu terjadinya kelahiran prematur sebagian besar tidak diketahui, namun beberapa faktor predisposisi maternal, fetal dan plasenta yang dapat memberikan kontribusi telah diidentifikasi, yang paling sering termasuk: infeksi atau inflamasi, iskemia atau perdarahan uteroplasental, overdistensi uterus, atau stres. 5,6,8 Anemia dalam kehamilan merupakan masalah yang besar pada kesehatan masyarakat dan ekonomi di seluruh dunia dan memberikan kontribusi terhadap morbiditas dan mortalitas maternal dan janin. Lebih spesifik, kekurangan zat besi dapat meningkatkan risiko infeksi maternal, dan kadar hemoglobin yang rendah dapat menyebabkan keadaan hipoksia kronis tingkat rendah yang menginduksi stres maternal dan janin.…”

“…Adanya sitokin dalam cairan amnion dan hubungannya dengan persalinan prematur telah terbukti pada banyak penelitian. 4,6,7 Didapatkan kadar leukosit > 13.000/mm 3 pada kelompok persalinan prematur sebesar 19 % dan kelompok persalinan aterm 7 %. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kadar leukosit dengan terjadinya persalinan prematur atau dengan kata lain kadar leukosit > 13.000/ mm 3 dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya persalinan prematur.…”

Associated neonatal and maternal factors of osteopenia of prematurity in low resource setting: A cross-sectional study

“…Indonesia ranks fifth in the world in the number of preterm births. The high number of preterm infants suggests that Indonesia, as a developing country, needs a strategy to improve survival and outcome in preterm infants including the prevention of the occurrence of OFP [ 15 ]. However, the OFP must be detected early so that appropriate management strategies can be put into place to avoid serious long-term complications [ 2 ].…”