Historical Perspective: Snail Control to Prevent Schistosomiasis

King, Charles H.; Bertsch, David

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003657

Cited by 110 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Most of the control strategies of schistosomiasis focus mainly on mass drug administration to decrease the disease incidence, although snail control has been shown important in schistosomiasis elimination. The currently applied control methods have some disadvantages, such as the emerging resistance to praziquantel in the laboratory (Fallon & doenHoFF 1994, wanG et al 2012) and environmental and financial problems related to chemical molluscicides (KinG & beRtScH 2015). There is a continuous need for new control initiatives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, efforts should be directed to identifying such spots and to take appropriate measures. Although disease reduction and elimination using snail control requires long-term and repetitive applications, most of the currently recommended control strategies emphasise mass drug administration using praziquantel together with snail control (KinG & beRtScH 2015). Widespread snail control reduced prevalence by 92 ±5% (N = 19) vs. 37 ±7% (N = 29) for programmes using little or no snail control (SoKolow et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of infection of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) with Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 using Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Mossalem¹,

Habib²,

Ghareeb³

2018

Folia Malacol.

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Schistosomiasis infection can be interrupted if the development of miracidia to cercariae in Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg) is blocked. This requires an efficient snail's antioxidant system which can be complemented with an exogenous antioxidant source to alleviate the oxidative stress of infection. For this purpose, leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were air-dried, extracted with aqueous methanol (85%) and defatted with petroleum ether. The obtained defatted extract was used to prepare extracts with different solvents. Among these, ethyl acetate showed the highest antioxidant activity and was chosen for the experiments. The effect of ethyl acetate extract on the infection, survivorship, as well as levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in B. alexandrina were measured in control, untreated infected and treated infected snails on 1, 10, and 30 days post infection (dpi). The snails exposed to ethyl acetate extract showed a significant reduction in the infection rate compared to those infected and untreated. Moreover, the extract decreased the level of MDA and increased CAT and GSH activities in the haemolymph and tissues of the treated snails. The results suggest that ethyl acetate extract from leaves of E. camaldulensis can be used as an antiparasitic compound against the intramolluscan phase of S. mansoni Sambon, 1907.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of infection of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) with Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 using Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Mossalem¹,

Habib²,

Ghareeb³

2018

Folia Malacol.

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“…Schistosomiasis is caused by digenetic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma that depend on freshwater snails to complete their life cycle and infect human. Two main control strategies have been used to control schistosomiasis; (1) eliminating host snails using molluscicides, promoting good sanitation and health education [25][26][27] and (2) morbidity control by killing the worms in humans using chemotherapy approach [27,28]. However, schistosomiasis still prevalent due to the disadvantages related to the application of these control strategies such as the high financial cost of molluscicides application and drug administration, in addition to the emerging drug resistance in the laboratory [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Egypt, schistosomiasis mansoni is still endemic in some parts of the country supported by the abundance of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails in the Egyptian freshwaters [31][32][33][34]. With regard to molluscicides, a number of perceived disadvantages of using niclosamide have been reported such as the necessity for repeated reapplication, difficulty to achieve uniform dispersal and area coverage, high costs due to repeated treatments, and collateral effects on amphibians and fish [26]. The limitations of chemotherapy and mollusciciding prompted the need to new innovative control strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The limitations of chemotherapy and mollusciciding prompted the need to new innovative control strategies. One possible mechanism is the effective interruption of the Schistosoma life cycle in snails to block the parasite's transmission, and thus truly preventing human schistosomiasis over the long-term [26,35,36]. This study aims to assess the effect of methanol solvent extracts of P. granatum on innate immunity and resistance of B. alexandrina to S. mansoni infection, as a control mechanism that can be used to block schistosomiasis transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Punica Granatum L. Peels and Its Role as Immunostimulant Against Schistosoma Mansoni Infection in Biomphalaria Alexandrina

Ghareeb

Mossalem

Refahy

et al. 2016

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of Punica granatum L. and test it as immunostimulants against Schistosoma mansoni infection to Biomphalaria alexandrina snails.Methods: Antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the free radical scavenging activity of the 90% defatted methanol extract (90% DM) of P. granatum peels and its sub-derived fractions was evaluated via 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and its chemical constituents were identified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. B. alexandrina snails were exposed to pomegranate extracts (PEs) for 1 month before their challenging with S. mansoni miracidia. Infection rates, immunological and histological parameters were, then, evaluated in PE-exposed snails and compared to controls. Results:The antioxidants activities of PE, expressed as scavenging concentration at 50%, were in the following order; 90% DM (12.45) ˃n-butanol (15.59) ˃ethyl acetate (21.36) ˃water (49.16) µg/ml, compared to 7.50 µg/ml for ascorbic acid. The infection rates of PE-exposed snails were 20%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%, respectively, for 90% DM, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, water, and dichloromethane extracts compared to 95% in control snails. The number of amoebocytes showed a significant increase, clear differentiation, and size increment in exposed snails compared to controls. Moreover, hermaphrodite glands histology shows a full maturity in the formation of reproductive cells in PE-exposed snails. The GC-MS analysis of the 90% DM extract revealed the presence of 36 compounds representing 93.1% of the total composition. Piperidin-4-ol, 1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6-triphenyl (19.87%), and 6,11-dihydroxy-5,12 naphthacenequinone-1-carboxylic acid (7.80%) were the major components. Conclusion:The identified compounds in 90% DM extract of P. granatum may be responsible for the high antioxidant activity of the fruit and it may account for its immunostimulatory effect against S. mansoni infection in B. alexandrina.

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Identification and localization of a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone‐related neuropeptide in Biomphalaria, an intermediate host for schistosomiasis

Rosa-Casillas

Jesús

Rodríguez³

et al. 2021

J of Comparative Neurology

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Freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria serve as obligatory hosts for the digenetic trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent for the most widespread form of intestinal schistosomiasis. Within Biomphalaria, S. mansoni larvae multiply and transform into the cercariae form that can infect humans. Trematode development and proliferation is thought to be facilitated by modifications of host behavior and physiological processes, including a reduction of reproduction known as “parasitic castration.” As neuropeptides participate in the control of reproduction across phylogeny, a neural transcriptomics approach was undertaken to identify peptides that could regulate Biomphalaria reproductive physiology. The present study identified a transcript in Biomphalaria alexandrina that encodes a peptide belonging to the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) superfamily. The precursor and the predicted mature peptide, pQIHFTPDWGNN‐NH2 (designated Biom‐GnRH), share features with peptides identified in other molluscan species, including panpulmonates, opisthobranchs, and cephalopods. An antibody generated against Biom‐GnRH labeled neurons in the cerebral, pedal, and visceral ganglia of Biomphalaria glabrata. GnRH‐like immunoreactive fiber systems projected to all central ganglia. In the periphery, immunoreactive material was detected in the ovotestis, oviduct, albumen gland, and nidamental gland. As these structures serve crucial roles in the production, transport, nourishment, and encapsulation of eggs, disruption of the GnRH system of Biomphalaria could contribute to reduced reproductive activity in infected snails.

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Historical Perspective: Snail Control to Prevent Schistosomiasis

Cited by 110 publications

References 9 publications

Control of infection of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) with Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 using Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Control of infection of Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg, 1831) with Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 using Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Punica Granatum L. Peels and Its Role as Immunostimulant Against Schistosoma Mansoni Infection in Biomphalaria Alexandrina

Identification and localization of a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone‐related neuropeptide in Biomphalaria, an intermediate host for schistosomiasis

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