Historical Note

Harms, Ernest

doi:10.1176/ajp.111.12.933

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…2 25 By 1600, William Gilbert studied magnetism and the "amber effect", observing that many materials beyond amber attract others when rubbed and they were classified as 'electric' (from elektra, the Greek word for amber) 3 . Later, Stephen Gray demonstrated experimentally the difference between insulators 30 and conductors.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dust explosions were first recorded in the 18 th century, in an episode involving wheat flour in Turin, Italy but 25 the risks of seemingly spontaneous charge build-up in handling dielectric materials were not recognized prior to the past century. Following Castle, 31 it was only in 1907, in the period when power transmission lines were being expanded, that a successful application of electrostatics was achieved, with the installation of 30 the first commercial electrostatic precipitator. Thenceforth, many fires and explosions triggered by electrostatic discharges (ESD) were reported and great efforts were directed to create safer machines and processes.…”

Section: Hazards Triggered By Electrostatic Discharge (Esd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…63 This requires especial safety procedures and static discharge devices 64,65 are essential to prevent ESD causing fire and damage to electro-electronic aircraft components. 66 30 The triboelectric series As many others in the 18 th century, the Swedish physicist J.C. Wilcke was using the so-called Leyden jar to investigate the contrary electricities (electrostatic attraction) during his doctoral dissertation. In 1757 he obtained the first list of materials 35 empirically ordered according to their tendency to acquire positive or negative charges subsequent to mechanical contact.…”

Section: Hazards Triggered By Electrostatic Discharge (Esd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…80 Extension to other materials was limited and the applicability of this model is restricted to a few cases. 30 Recently, an MIT group showed that a set composed of water from various different sources and its container (e.g. polyallomer centrifuge tube) is always negatively charged and this is also function of temperature.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanism of ion transfer proposed by Diaz 91-93 relates the polarity and magnitude of the charge to the structure and 30 concentration of ionic species. The model is based on Lee's model for charge equilibration between two surfaces and it assumes that this is proportional to the relative contact areas.…”

Section: Current Conflicting Viewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Friction, tribochemistry and triboelectricity: recent progress and perspectives

et al. 2014

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Production of electricity by friction is well known but poorly understood and it is the source of electrostatic discharge causing serious accidents. Recent results are in agreement with one of the conflicting views on this problem, according to which triboelectricity in polymers is triggered by mechanochemical and wear or mass transfer phenomena. These results also challenge the widely accepted paradigm of one-way charge transfer that is the basis of the triboelectric series. Experimental results from powerful analytical techniques 10 65 mechanisms leading to solids contact electrification and/or triboelectric charging? The explanation of the production of electrostatic charge comes from a transfer of electrons, ions or both, which are presented in the literature? 16 Poor knowledge on charge accumulation and dissipation 70 mechanisms 17-19 is a root of large-scale personal and property losses, including serious industrial accidents and explosions that are described further in the next section. This is ultimately due to the lack of scientific understanding of the basic phenomena.On the other hand, fundamental electrostatic concepts are well 75 established for semiconductors and metals. 20 When two metals with different work functions are brought into contact, electrons migrate across the interface creating a potential difference between them.

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Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%