Historical materials from the medieval fortress Bac

Abstract

Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage are the objects of great interest worldwide. For setting the correct methodology for the procedures of the restoration it is very important to have the right information about the state of the object and the characteristics of the original materials. The basis of our examinations were clay products (samples of bricks, terracotta and clay roof tile) from the middle ages, the fortress in Bac. The following methods were used: x-ray diffraction, classic chemical analysis, SEM-EDS, Hg-porosimetry and dilatometry. Based on the used methods, mineral composition, temperature and regime of firing and textural properties of the examined materials were determined. The degree of destruction of examined materials was also identified, in order to find compatible materials for future techniques of conservation and restoration.

Romanesque and Gothic bricks from church in Pác – estimation of the firing temperature

“…4 can be used for estimation of the fi ring temperature [4,24,25]. Th e thermal expansion method is based on the fact that when the partially fi red clay body is subjected to a linear heating during TDA, shrinkage occurs above a certain temperature.…”

Studies of the Iranian medieval ceramics surface modified by pulsed tea CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers

“…Ceramic objects are composed of a mixture of natural materials that are, by a variety of processes, transformed to a solid, brittle substance with high thermal resistance, high hardness and chemical stability. Ceramics played an important part in human lives throughout history [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. In the past, it was used for practical and decorative objects, as a structural material for buildings, aqueducts, etc.…”

“…Ramos et al investigated the enamels of ceramic tiles from a heritage in the region of Valencia (Spain). Barone et al, [9], and Casaletto et al, [10] studied archeological ceramic artefacts found in different Italian sites, Coentro, [11] used multi-analytical methods for identification of pigment used in the 17th century Portuguese azulejos, and Pérez-Arantegui et al, [16] tested ancient cobaltblue-decorated ceramics from Aragon (Spain). Tite et al [21], Al-Saad [22], and Özçatala [24], investigated Islamic ceramics.…”

“…Tite et al [21], Al-Saad [22], and Özçatala [24], investigated Islamic ceramics. The medieval ceramics from Ras and Bač (Serbia) were investigated as well [16,23]. The authors of the paper [16] investigated, for future production of new specific materials for restoration, the mineral composition, firing temperature and the textural characteristics of the historical materials from medieval fortress Bač (brick, terracotta and clay roof tile).…”

“…The medieval ceramics from Ras and Bač (Serbia) were investigated as well [16,23]. The authors of the paper [16] investigated, for future production of new specific materials for restoration, the mineral composition, firing temperature and the textural characteristics of the historical materials from medieval fortress Bač (brick, terracotta and clay roof tile). The systematic archaeometric study of medieval pottery excavated on the territory of Serbia, using petrographic and chemical analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, is presented in the paper [23].…”