“…However, the faunal assemblage, including large and small vertebrates, invertebrates reported from the intertrappean and infratrappean, deposits shows paleobiogeographically complex (both Laurasain and Gondwana) affinity, such as the fossil assemblage (gondwanatherian [sudamericid] mammals; abelisaurid theropods and titanosauriform sauropods; notosuchian crocodiles; nigerophiid and madtsoiid snakes; bothremydid turtles and the myobatracid, leptodactylid, ranoid and hyalid frogs exhibits Gondwana faunal affinity) (Chatterjee et al, 2017;Khosla, 2021). The previously discovered Laurasian affinity fossil assemblage includes frogs (Pelobatidae, Gobiatinae, Costata), lizards (anguimorph), charophytes and palynomorphs, suggesting faunal and floral exchanges between India and Eurasia with the help of sweepstakes dispersal route via Kohistan-Dras island arc system (Ali & Aitchison, 2008;Goswami et al, 2011;Kapur & Khosla, 2016Khosla, 2021;Khosla & Lucas, 2020a, 2020bKhosla et al, 2022;Verma et al, 2016). The present assemblage from Kesavi intertrappeans also confirms the presence of endemism concerning the species of Eucypris, Gomphocythere and Cypriodopsis; besides endemism, some of the taxa from Kesavi (Gomphocythere, Limnocythere and Cypria) also support the out-of-India hypothesis, according to which the origin of several elements of Asian biota occurred in India (see Whatley & Bajpai, 2006).…”