Historical Accountability for Equitable, Efficient, and Sustainable Allocation of the Right to Emit Wastewater in China

Abstract

Establishing policies for controlling water pollution through discharge permits creates the basis for emission permit trading. Allocating wastewater discharge permits is a prerequisite to initiating the market. Past research has focused on designing schemes to allocate discharge permits efficiently, but these schemes have ignored differences among regions in terms of emission history. This is unfortunate, as fairness may dictate that areas that have been allowed to pollute in the past will receive fewer permits in the future. Furthermore, the spatial scales of previously proposed schemes are not practical. In this article, we proposed an information entropy improved proportional allocation method, which considers differences in GDP, population, water resources, and emission history at province spatial resolution as a new way to allocate waste water emission permits. The allocation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) among 30 provinces in China is used to illustrate the proposed discharge permit distribution mechanism. In addition, we compared the pollution distribution permits obtained from the proposed allocation scheme with allocation techniques that do not consider historical pollution and with the already established country plan. Our results showed that taking into account emission history as a factor when allocating wastewater discharge permits results in a fair distribution of economic benefits.

Statistical Measurements and Club Effects of High-Quality Development in Chinese Manufacturing

“…In this paper, the two-stage entropy method is used to measure the level of HQDM in each province of China, using the algorithm for layer-by-layer empowerment and multidimensional weighting. The entropy method is generally based on macroscopic data and, compared with subjective evaluation methods, it is not influenced by subjective judgment and has a certain degree of scientific objectivity [ 27 ]. The principle of the entropy method is to measure index weights based on the information entropy of the original data: the smaller the entropy value, the greater the weight given, indicating that the index is more important.…”

Metode Analytic Hierarchy Process Untuk Mendukung Strategi Pengendalian Pencemaran Air Sungai Cokro Malang

“…Hasil COD biasanya lebih tinggi dari nilai BOD, dan perbandingan antara keduanya akan berbeda-beda tergantung pada karakteristik air limbah (8). BOD dan COD diperlukan sebagai parameter dalam baku mutu air limbah atau sebagai parameter pencemaran perairan, karena peranannya sebagai penduga pencemaran bahan organik dan kaitannya dengan penurunan kandungan oksigen terlarut perairan (9) (10) . Jenis air limbah dengan kandungan BOD kurang dari 200 mg/l dan COD kurang dari 400 mg/l termasuk dalam kategori lemah.…”

Evaluation and prediction of high-quality development in China: A time-spatial analysis from Hubei province

“…The greater the dispersion, the greater the impact of this index on systematic evaluation. As a result, information entropy can calculate the weight of each indicator and, based on the variation of various indicators, provide a foundation for a comprehensive evaluation of multiple indicator (Huang et al, 2018). The following is the detailed procedure.…”

“…While the objective weighting evaluation approach allows for weights based on indicator correlation or the coefficient of variation of each indicator (Cairns and Martinet, 2014). The subjective weighing evaluation method is influenced by human factors, and there may be some subjective arbitrariness, therefore there is a possibility of inaccuracy (Huang et al, 2018). As a result, we decide to put the HQD to the test using the standard objective weighing evaluation method entropy.…”