Historic Urbanization Process in Spain (1746–2013)

Abstract

The aim of the article is to examine the process of urbanization in Spain in the long term. Given the delay in the consolidation of Spanish urban history, the contribution of related disciplines, such as art history and urban planning, geography, and economics is also assessed. Careful attention is paid to the identification of continuities and breaks, as well as to the contextualization of the changes in the cities in relation to their role in the national and international context. The article is divided into four parts. First, an introduction to the evolution of urban history in Spain is provided. Subsequent sections analyze the urban process in three stages: the enlightenment reforms and the end of colonial empire (1746-1833), the end of the Ancient Regime and the new capitalist development , and the transition from dictatorship to the integration into the European Union.

A Practical Procedure to Integrate the First 1:500 Urban Map of Valencia into a Tile-Based Geospatial Information System

“…The p-values, standard error according Equation (8), residuals, t value (t = ), probability and significance of the affine, bilinear, and polynomial transformations can be found in Appendix B. In the 1929 to UTM-ETRS89 transformation, the affine model has the minimum RSS.…”

“…The urban planning in Valencia acted as a decisive factor for business location, affecting land value and other variables. For instance, railways had a clear influence on urban growth, but also in the configuration of the space itself, and the impact of urban transport was similar, especially in terms of the location of economic activity, urban mobility, and land revaluation [8].…”

Ad hoc accounting and accountability for the local governance of an epidemic crisis

“…In the Spanish case, with the irruption of the Enlightened thought at the end of the eighteenth century, great importance was attached to reason and public interest, resulting in the introduction of state reforms to regenerate the economy (Palacio, 1964) as well as the implementation of a new urban order based on collective hygiene and asepsis (Jori, 2013a). After its stagnation in the previous century, the urban population in Spain experienced an important growth in this century, becoming to be 11.1% over the total population in 1800 (Cardesín and Mirás, 2017), which caused a significant deterioration of the hygienic and habitability conditions of the cities. In fact, cities were perceived as one of the most dangerous environment for the population (Foucault, 1980), thus becoming one of the preferred areas for the implementation of the health policies promoted by Enlightened leaders (Jori, 2013b).…”

“…These same circumstances are present in the port city of Cadiz in 1800 when an unknown disease 1 broke out, such as yellow fever, later spreading throughout Andalusia (Southern Spain). In 1786, Cadiz has 71,499 inhabitants, including 2,136 foreigners -and also an estimated floating population of around 3,000 soldiers-, being the fourth or fifth city in Spain by population according to different sources, along with Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Seville (Ramírez, 2011;Cardesín and Mirás, 2017). The city, an important economic and social hub of the time for being a strategic, logistic and instrumental enclave for commercial relations with the American colonies, hosts an important transit population that demands good management and control, especially in cases of health emergencies (Ramírez, 2011).…”

Determination of the Insulation Solution that Leads to Lower CO2 Emissions during the Construction Phase of a Building

“…Urban growth following the central years of the "real estate bubble 1998-2007" [1] has produced significant change in Spain in terms of building densities, which fell to substantially below 35 dwellings per hectare [2]. Current legislation, far from restricting the expansion of the urban by occupation of the rural space, promotes it by deregulating the use of undeveloped land [3].…”