Histopathology of the Skin: General Principles

Cerio, R.; Calonje, Eduardo

doi:10.1002/9780470750520.ch7

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 192 publications

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“…A decrease in the epidermal thickness and in the number of infiltrating cells in the dermis were observed only in the Sema3A-treated skin areas (Figure 5a and c). Using toluidine blue staining, we also observed a significant decrease in the number of infiltrating mast cells in the dermis (Cerio and Calonje, 2004). Again, the decrease in the number of infiltrating cells was observed only in the dermis of the Sema3A-treated skin areas (Figure 5b and d).…”

Section: Sema3a Histologically Improved Admentioning

confidence: 68%

Semaphorin3A Alleviates Skin Lesions and Scratching Behavior in NC/Nga Mice, an Atopic Dermatitis Model

Yamaguchi

Nakamura

Aihara

et al. 2008

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

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Topical steroids and antihistamines are commonly used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, in a substantial number of patients with AD, these treatments are not sufficiently effective. In AD patients, C-fibers in the epidermis increase and sprout, inducing hypersensitivity, which is considered to aggravate the disease. Semaphorin3A (Sema3A), an axon guidance molecule, is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons. To investigate the effect of Sema3A on AD, we administered recombinant Sema3A intracutaneously into the skin lesions of NC/Nga mice, an animal model of AD. Sema3A dose-dependently improved skin lesions and attenuated the scratching behavior in NC/Nga mice. Histological examinations revealed a decrease in: (a) epidermal thickness; (b) the density of invasive nerve fibers in the epidermis; (c) inflammatory infiltrates, including mast cells and CD4+ T cells; and (d) the production of IL-4 in the Sema3A-treated lesions. Because the interruption of the itch-scratch cycle likely contributes to the improvement of the AD-like skin lesions, Sema3A is promising in the treatment of patients with refractory AD, as well as overall itching dermatosis.

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Section: Sema3a Histologically Improved Admentioning

confidence: 68%

Semaphorin3A Alleviates Skin Lesions and Scratching Behavior in NC/Nga Mice, an Atopic Dermatitis Model

Yamaguchi

Nakamura

Aihara

et al. 2008

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

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“…The oral mucosa shows a thicker epithelium with a poorly cornified SC. Such variations are established for human (27,28) as well as for porcine skin (29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The porcine snout – an in vitro model for human lips?

Jacobi

Toll

Audring

et al. 2005

Experimental Dermatology

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The morphology and histology of test sites commonly used to study the penetration of lip products differ significantly from those of the human lip itself. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the porcine snout could serve as an equivalent in vitro model for human lips. The lips of human test subjects and biopsies of porcine snout tissue were compared using histological and microscopic techniques. Using a dermatological laser scanning microscope, the penetration of topically applied fluorescent sodium fluorescein was investigated in vivo on human lips and in vitro on the porcine snout. Biopsies from the in vitro experiments were studied using fluorescence microscopy. Some parts of the porcine snout show a similar morphology and histology as human lips. The stratum corneum (SC) and the epidermis of the porcine snout are thicker than those of human tissue. Both in vivo and in vitro, the topically applied fluorescent dye was detected only on the skin surface and within the uppermost SC layer. These results indicate that porcine snout can be used as an in vitro model for human lips in penetration studies. Both human and porcine tissues exhibit an efficient barrier against the penetration of topically applied substances.

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“…Parakeratosis, which is defined as the retention of nuclei in the corneocytes, can be detected in the SC of subjects with defective keratinization (48), not only in cross sections from the excised skin, but also in corneocytes of so‐called skin surface biopsies that represent samples obtained from the superficial SC by means of adhesive tapes (49). In addition to parakeratosis, the appearance of immature CEs may be a significant phenotype of defective keratinization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the non-lesional areas of AD patients could be characterized as atopic xerosis associated with decreased water-holding capacity of the SC and slight impairment of barrier function (47), little difference was observed in the properties of CEs between the uninvolved areas of AD and the healthy skin studied here. Parakeratosis, which is defined as the retention of nuclei in the corneocytes, can be detected in the SC of subjects with defective keratinization (48), not only in cross sections from the excised skin, but also in corneocytes of so-called skin surface biopsies that represent samples obtained from the superficial SC by means of adhesive tapes (49). In addition to parakeratosis, the appearance of immature CEs may be a significant phenotype of defective keratinization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ratio of immature cornified envelopes does not correlate with parakeratosis in inflammatory skin disorders

Hirao

Terada

Takeuchi

et al. 2003

Experimental Dermatology

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We have previously established a non-invasive method to evaluate the maturity of cornified envelopes (CEs), and have reported the appearance of immature CEs in the stratum corneum (SC) with poor barrier function, such as the SC of the face. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate CEs in inflammatory skin disorders, and to clarify the relationship between the appearance of the immature CEs and parakeratosis, which is often used as a marker for defective keratinization in inflammatory skin disorders. Cornified envelopes in the outermost SC of involved areas of psoriasis vulgaris (PV) and atopic dermatitis (AD) were strikingly heterogeneous, and consisted of immature CEs stained with anti-involucrin and mature CEs stained with Nile red, whereas CEs of the uninvolved areas were relatively homogeneous, exhibiting mature phenotype. The ratio of immature CEs was significantly higher in the involved areas of PV and AD than that in the corresponding uninvolved areas, suggesting that defective CE maturation may, at least in part, account for the inflammatory disorders. Simultaneous evaluation of CE maturity and parakeratosis was carried out by a combination of involucrin immunostaining and nuclear staining of detergent-dissociated corneocytes. In the involved area of PV, four types of corneocytes in regard to the combination of involucrin staining and nuclear remnant were observed, while both immature CEs and parakeratosis were more often detected in the involved areas of PV than in the uninvolved areas or the upper arm of healthy subjects as a normal control. Thus, corneocytes with involucrin-positive immature CEs were not always associated with parakeratosis at the cellular level. In the involved areas of PV, the ratio of immature CEs and that of parakeratosis were heterogeneous, depending on the cases, and no correlation between the ratios was observed. Inter-individual and intraindividual variations in CE maturity were also suggested by the heterogeneous localization of involucrin in the psoriatic epidermis as examined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, in the face of healthy subjects, four types of corneocytes were similarly detected, and the ratio of immature CEs was significantly higher than that of parakeratosis. These results obviously suggest that the maturation of CEs and disappearance of nuclei are differentially regulated in the epidermis.

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Histopathology of the Skin: General Principles

Cited by 9 publications

References 192 publications

Semaphorin3A Alleviates Skin Lesions and Scratching Behavior in NC/Nga Mice, an Atopic Dermatitis Model

Semaphorin3A Alleviates Skin Lesions and Scratching Behavior in NC/Nga Mice, an Atopic Dermatitis Model

The porcine snout – an in vitro model for human lips?

Ratio of immature cornified envelopes does not correlate with parakeratosis in inflammatory skin disorders

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