Histopathology in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) spat caused by the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum rhathymum

Pearce, Imojen; Handlinger, Judith; Hallegraeff, GM

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2003.11.002

Cited by 59 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Hemocyte infiltration and granuloma in the tissues have also been observed in other bivalves, such as bay scallops A. irradians, Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas, blue mussels Mytilus edulis and Manila clams R. philippinarum exposed to Prorocentrum spp. (Wikfors and Smolowitz, 1993;Pearce et al, 2005;Galimany et al, 2008a;Hégaret et al, 2009). Wikfors and Smolowitz (1993) also reported degeneration of the digestive gland and presence of hemocyte aggregates (granulomas) in several tissues of bay scallops exposed to P. minimum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of a parasite, QPX, and the harmful-alga, Prorocentrum minimum on northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria

Hégaret

Smolowitz

Sunila

et al. 2010

Marine Environmental Research

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a b s t r a c tNorthern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.), frequently are infected with the parasite Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX, Labyrintohomorpha, Thraustochytriales), which can cause morbidity and mortality of the quahogs. Possible interactions between this parasitic disease and exposure to the harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum in M. mercenaria were studied experimentally. Quahogs from Massachusetts with variable intensity of QPX infection were exposed, under controlled laboratory conditions, to cultured P. minimum added to the natural plankton at a cell density equivalent to a natural bloom. After 5 days of exposure, individual clams were diagnosed histologically to assess prevalence and intensity of parasitic infection, as well as other pathological conditions. Further, cellular defense status of clams was evaluated by analyzing hemocyte parameters (morphological and functional) using flow-cytometry. Exposure of quahogs to P. minimum resulted in: a lower percentage of phagocytic hemocytes, higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), larger hemocyte size, more-numerous hemocytic aggregates, and increased numbers of hemocytes in gills accompanied by vacuolation and hyperplasia of the water-tubular epithelial cells of the gills. Quahogs had a low prevalence of QPX; by chance, the parasite was present only in quahogs exposed to P. minimum. Thus, the effect of QPX alone on the hemocyte parameters of quahogs could not be assessed in this experiment, but it was possible to assess different responses of infected versus non-infected quahogs to P. minimum. QPX-infected quahogs exposed to P. minimum had repressed percentage of phagocytic hemocytes, consistent with immuno-modulating effect of P. minimum upon several molluscan species, as well as smaller hemocytes and increased hemocyte infiltration throughout the soft tissues. This experiment demonstrates the importance of considering interactive effects of different factors on the immunology and histopathology of bivalve shellfish, and highlights the importance of considering the presence of parasites when bivalves are subjected to harmful-algal blooms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of a parasite, QPX, and the harmful-alga, Prorocentrum minimum on northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria

Hégaret

Smolowitz

Sunila

et al. 2010

Marine Environmental Research

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“…40); 5 mm (Fig. 41); 10 mm (Figs 38,39;Figs 42,43). study it was only occasional, P. rhathymum has been observed in high densities in warmer localities (Ismael & Aida, 1997;Pearce et al, 2005;Aligizaki et al, 2009), indicating its preference for higher temperatures.…”

Section: Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, P. rhathymum has been considered toxic by several authors (Nakajima et al, 1981;Tindall et al, 1989;Aligizaki et al, 2009). Pearce et al (2005) observed that Artemia did not display any adverse effects of exposure to P. rhathymum although the crustacean experienced mortality when exposed to lipid-soluble extracts of the algae. The nature of the toxins of P. rhathymum remained unknown until the study of Caillaud et al (2010), which revealed the production of low levels of okadaic acid by this species.…”

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confidence: 99%

Morphological and genetic characterization of benthic dinoflagellates of the generaCoolia,OstreopsisandProrocentrumfrom the south-eastern Bay of Biscay

Laza‐Martínez

Orive

Miguel

2011

European Journal of Phycology

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Benthic dinoflagellates of the genera Coolia, Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum isolated from coastal waters of the south-eastern Bay of Biscay were identified morphologically by means of light microscopy (LM) including epifluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To identify the strains to species level, molecular phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear large subunit rDNA (LSU) were performed for 16 strains of the three genera. These morphological and phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of the following species: Coolia canariensis S. Fraga, Coolia monotis Meunier, Ostreopsis cf. siamensis Schmidt, Prorocentrum emarginatun Fukuyo, P. lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge, P. rhathymum Loeblich III, Sherley & Schmidt, and two as yet unidentified species, which in the phylogenetic tree were grouped with different strains of Prorocentrum emarginatun and P. fukuyoi Murray et Nagahama from GenBank. A strain from Minorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean Sea) analysed in this study for comparative purposes and fitting morphologically into the P. emarginatum/P. fukuyoi group also appeared in this cluster, which seems to include morphologically cryptic or semicryptic species. The most common taxa were Coolia monotis, Ostreopsis cf. siamensis and Prorocentrum lima, which appeared at most sampling sites. Only the strains corresponding to Ostreopsis cf. siamensis and Prorocentrum lima were toxic to Artemia franciscana.

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“…Atrophy of the digestive gland is attributed to various factors and considered to be a good indicator of unfavourable environmental conditions (Sparks 1972). Low oxygen tension during high summer temperatures (Fogelson et al 2011), spawning stress (Kang et al 2010), salinity changes (Knowles et al 2014), toxin-producing dinoflagellates (Pearce et al 2005) and starvation (Winstead 1995) have all been shown to induce sloughing of gut cells resulting in thin, dilated digestive glands in oyster bivalves. Thinning of the digestive diverticulae was also reported to be an early feature, within 8 h, of acute inflammation in C. gigas (Sparks & Morado 1988).…”

Section: Histopathological Lesions and Co-localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ hybridization and histopathological observations during ostreid herpesvirus-1-associated mortalities in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas

Bueno

Perrott²,

Dunowska³

et al. 2016

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Histopathology in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) spat caused by the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum rhathymum

Cited by 59 publications

References 13 publications

Combined effects of a parasite, QPX, and the harmful-alga, Prorocentrum minimum on northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria

Combined effects of a parasite, QPX, and the harmful-alga, Prorocentrum minimum on northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria

Morphological and genetic characterization of benthic dinoflagellates of the generaCoolia,OstreopsisandProrocentrumfrom the south-eastern Bay of Biscay

In situ hybridization and histopathological observations during ostreid herpesvirus-1-associated mortalities in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas

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