Histopathological investigation of experimental ocular toxocariasis in gerbils

Arenzana-Seisdedos, Fernando; Tortora, P; Tsutsumi, Vı́ctor; Ortega-Pierres, M. Guadalupe

doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00173-3

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The migrational route of T. canis larvae in the paratenic host, especially in mice, has been examined in various studies resulting in a strong affinity to the brain [10,33-35]. However, very few studies deal with the migrational behaviour of T. cati larvae in the paratenic host even though the zoonotic potential is not sufficiently evaluated and should therefore not be underestimated [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotoxocarosis: marked preference of Toxocara canis for the cerebrum and T. cati for the cerebellum in the paratenic model host mouse

Janecek

Beineke²,

Schnieder

et al. 2014

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundInfective larvae of the worldwide occurring zoonotic roundworm T. canis exhibit a marked affinity to the nervous tissues of paratenic hosts. In humans, most cases of neurotoxocarosis are considered to be caused by larvae of T. canis as T. cati larvae have rarely been found in the CNS in previous studies. However, direct comparison of studies is difficult as larval migration depends on a variety of factors including mouse strains and inoculation doses. Therefore, the present study aims to provide a direct comparison of both roundworm species in mice as a model for paratenic hosts with specific focus on the CNS during the acute and chronic phase of disease to provide a basis for further studies dealing with neurotoxocarosis.MethodsC57Bl/6J mice were infected with 2000 embryonated T. canis and T. cati eggs, respectively as well as Balb/c mice infected with T. cati eggs only. On 8 time points post infection, organs were removed and microscopically examined for respective larvae. Special focus was put on the CNS, including analysis of larval distribution in the cerebrum and cerebellum, right and left hemisphere as well as eyes and spinal cord. Additionally, brains of all infection groups as well as uninfected controls were examined histopathologically to characterize neurostructural damage.ResultsSignificant differences in larval distribution were observed between and within the infection groups during the course of infection. As expected, significantly higher recovery rates of T. canis than T. cati larvae were determined in the brain. Surprisingly, significantly more T. canis larvae could be found in cerebra of infected mice whereas T. cati larvae were mainly located in the cerebellum. Structural damage in brain tissue could be observed in all infection groups, being more severe in brains of T. canis infected mice.ConclusionsThe data obtained provides an extensive characterization of migrational routes of T. canis and T. cati in the paratenic host mouse in direct comparison. Even though to a lesser extent, structural damage in the brain was also caused by T. cati larvae and therefore, the potential as pathogenic agents should not be underestimated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotoxocarosis: marked preference of Toxocara canis for the cerebrum and T. cati for the cerebellum in the paratenic model host mouse

Janecek

Beineke²,

Schnieder

et al. 2014

Parasites Vectors

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“…It seems that outbred ICR mice are adequate for an OT study because this strain showed varying degrees of ocular pathologic changes in the trial. Only infected ICR mice, but not other murine models including gerbils, which were recently reported to be superior in experimental OT study [27][28][29][30], show retinal detachment, which is frequently found in human OT. Moreover, T. canis larvae maintained for 14 months may invade the eyes through the cerebrospinal fluid to the choroids and then to the retina.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Ocular Toxocariasis in Mice Infected with Long‐term‐maintained Embryonated Eggs of Toxocara canis

Fan

Lin

Hung

et al. 2004

The Kaohsiung J of Med Scie

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Ocular injury to ICR mice from embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis, which had been maintained in 2% formalin for 14 months at 4°C, was evaluated by microscopic and pathologic assessments at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 294 and 469 days post infection (DPI). On each date, three infected mice and two age‐matched uninfected control mice were sacrificed; left eyeballs from infected mice were examined for larvae under a dissecting microscope while all right eyeballs were embedded in paraffin for histologic study. No larvae were observed in the left eyeball of any of the 42 infected mice, while pathologic changes were observed in right eyeballs. Pathologically, the predominant changes were retinal detachment, iridocyclitis, and pars planitis, followed by optic nerve papillitis and superficial infarcts, as observed in one of three infected mice per group at 56, 140, and 168 DPI, respectively. No infiltrating cells surrounding the larvae in the retina were observed in the infected mice. This is the first report that larvae hatched from T. canis embryonated eggs maintained for a long time can cause murine ocular toxocariasis. These results further extend our knowledge of the pathogenicity of T. canis embryonated eggs.

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“…Different experimental animals have been used to study OT. Among them are mice (Olson et al, 1970;Olson, 1976;Prokopic & Figallova Â, 1982;Ghafoor et al, 1984;Maruyama et al, 1994), rabbits (Kunishige, 1964;Brown, 1971;Dzbenski et al, 2000), guinea pigs (Miyamoto, 1972;Rockey et al, 1979Rockey et al, , 1981Rockey et al, , 1983, primates (Luxemberg, 1979;Glickman & Summers, 1983;Watzke et al, 1984), rats (Burren, 1972), hamsters (Burren, 1972) and gerbils (Burren, 1972;Takayanagi et al, 1999;Alba-Hurtado et al, 2000).…”

Section: Experimental Animals Used In Ocular Toxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, guinea pigs do not play a role in the life cycle of this parasite, whereas the mouse can be a paratenic host and transmit the parasite when ingested by dogs (Ghafoor et al, 1984). Two recent studies have shown the superiority of gerbils over other animal models (Takayanagi et al, 1999;Alba-Hurtado et al, 2000), as they exhibit an elevated susceptibility to ocular infection and the observed pathology is, in some aspects, comparable to human cases.…”

Section: Experimental Animals Used In Ocular Toxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models in ocular toxocariasis

Fenoy,

Ollero,

Guillén

et al. 2001

J. Helminthol.

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Ocular toxocariasis is a clearly defined disease. However, much remains to be learned concerning the migratory route, ocular changes, diagnosis and treatment. Studies in paratenic hosts have contributed to our understanding and will yield more information. Various experimental animals have been used, such as mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, primates, hamsters and gerbils. Of these, the last appear to be the most appropriate model due to their high susceptibility to ocular infection. Results obtained from different animal models are often not comparable due to the fact that dose and routes of inoculation are diverse. Early stages in the pathogenesis of ocular toxocariasis are manifested by haemorrhages in the anterior chamber and iris, replaced in time by accumulations of white cells. Ocular migration produces an early cell reaction, formed by an infiltration of neutrophils accompanied by vasculitis and retinal microinfarcts. Over a period of time, an increase of macrophages and the distribution of the infiltrates is observed. Later, granulomatous lesions are formed. These do not necessarily contain a larva and their appearance varies in different animal models. Local production of IgE and the presence of specific IgG have been described.

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Histopathological investigation of experimental ocular toxocariasis in gerbils

Cited by 19 publications

References 18 publications

Neurotoxocarosis: marked preference of Toxocara canis for the cerebrum and T. cati for the cerebellum in the paratenic model host mouse

Neurotoxocarosis: marked preference of Toxocara canis for the cerebrum and T. cati for the cerebellum in the paratenic model host mouse

Experimental Ocular Toxocariasis in Mice Infected with Long‐term‐maintained Embryonated Eggs of Toxocara canis

Animal models in ocular toxocariasis

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