“…13,14 Conversely, high concentrations can also lead to severe symptoms and disorders in reproduction, growth and development, 13,[15][16][17] metabolism, 10,18,19 and behavior. [20][21][22] The toxicity of particular metals is typically defined by their concentration of free ions in water, which is highly dependent on environmental parameters such as water hardness, conductivity, temperature, [23][24][25][26] and pH. 27,28 Environmental agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, USA) and the Australia, New Zealand Environment, and Conservation Council (ANZECC) developed guidelines for freshwater and saltwater levels for various metals (Table 1).…”