Abstract:The presence of foreskin in preschool and primary school children might rarely be associated with important inflammatory dermatoses like LSA even in the absence of phimosis.
“…In literature, both the duration of therapy and the number of applications are discussed: the 60-day treatment period, with at F I G U R E 1 Normal prepuce: histological and immunohistochemical evaluation least two applications, seems to have more advantages (Favorito et al, 2012;Ku et al, 2007;Palmer & Palmer, 2008;Sheary, 2018;Tokgöz et al, 2004).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In literature, both the duration of therapy and the number of least two applications, seems to have more advantages (Favorito et al, 2012;Ku et al, 2007;Palmer & Palmer, 2008;Sheary, 2018;Tokgöz et al, 2004).…”
Phimosis is a clinical condition characterised by a narrowing of the foreskin and the presence of adhesions between the glans and the foreskin, which determine the inability to discover the glans. It can be a condition both physiological (congenital), present in almost all subjects at birth, and pathological (acquired), due to poor hygiene, recurrent infections (balanitis, posthitis and balanoposthitis), BXO (Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans), repeated catheterisation procedures or incomplete circumcision with altered scarring of the preputial flaps not removed correctly (Fahmy, 2017). According to Kikiros et al., phimosis can be classified into 5 clinical degrees (Kikiros et al., 1993); it is believed that, at birth, 95%-96% of children present physiological phimosis, and of these, 90% between 3 and 4 years of age meet spontaneous resolution, while in 16-year-old boys only 1% present a nonretractile foreskin: it is therefore highlighted that there is spontaneous resolution of phimosis. The incidence of pathological phimosis is instead 0.4 cases/1,000 patients per year, and 0.6% of males within 15 years of age are affected (Fahmy, 2017) (Favorito
“…In literature, both the duration of therapy and the number of applications are discussed: the 60-day treatment period, with at F I G U R E 1 Normal prepuce: histological and immunohistochemical evaluation least two applications, seems to have more advantages (Favorito et al, 2012;Ku et al, 2007;Palmer & Palmer, 2008;Sheary, 2018;Tokgöz et al, 2004).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In literature, both the duration of therapy and the number of least two applications, seems to have more advantages (Favorito et al, 2012;Ku et al, 2007;Palmer & Palmer, 2008;Sheary, 2018;Tokgöz et al, 2004).…”
Phimosis is a clinical condition characterised by a narrowing of the foreskin and the presence of adhesions between the glans and the foreskin, which determine the inability to discover the glans. It can be a condition both physiological (congenital), present in almost all subjects at birth, and pathological (acquired), due to poor hygiene, recurrent infections (balanitis, posthitis and balanoposthitis), BXO (Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans), repeated catheterisation procedures or incomplete circumcision with altered scarring of the preputial flaps not removed correctly (Fahmy, 2017). According to Kikiros et al., phimosis can be classified into 5 clinical degrees (Kikiros et al., 1993); it is believed that, at birth, 95%-96% of children present physiological phimosis, and of these, 90% between 3 and 4 years of age meet spontaneous resolution, while in 16-year-old boys only 1% present a nonretractile foreskin: it is therefore highlighted that there is spontaneous resolution of phimosis. The incidence of pathological phimosis is instead 0.4 cases/1,000 patients per year, and 0.6% of males within 15 years of age are affected (Fahmy, 2017) (Favorito
“…In male children, the disease simply presents with more or less full phimosis, though in some cases, as in adults, it can present as cutaneous hyperemia, which in time can transform into a depigmented area (Figure 3). 10,11,29 In adult males, the following areas may be involved: skin of the prepuce, glans penis, coronal sulcus, frenular area, and urethral meatus. Figure 3Early stage of BXO.…”
Section: Clinical Features Of Lsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…LS symptoms in males (BXO) can be absent, as often occurs in children, in whom, however, phimosis is often present 10,11. Symptoms in males correlate with disease progression: itching, penile pain both at rest and during erection, and dysuria in case of urethral stenosis 4…”
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease usually involving the anogenital skin of both sexes; more rarely LS exclusively involves extragenital areas. As a chronic inflammatory disease, in most cases, LS evolves and progresses causing scleroatrophy of the skin or scars which may cause stenosis in the affected areas. A few LS patients are at risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma in their lifetime, but appropriate long-term treatment diminishes the possibility of a malignant evolution. Oxidative stress (OS) has been proven to play a role not only in the pathogenesis of LS, but also in the development and progression of the disease. OS, by causing DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, contributes directly to the possible malignant transformation of LS. Moreover, the increase in oxidative DNA damage is associated with mutations in tumor suppressor genes. Considering the role that OS plays in LS, therapeutic use of antioxidants appears to be rational and possible, in association with other treatments. Antioxidants would counteract the oxidative DNA damage, which is the most important factor for the progression of LS and its malignant transformation.
“…They proposed that LSA could progress to squamous cell carcinoma with the acquisition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Accordingly, we were interested in the histopathological features of the preputium, and evaluated the pathology of foreskin in 32 boys subjected to circumcision procedure for religious belief (Tokgoz et al. , 2004).…”
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