Histopathological Evaluation of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Rodent Models

Abstract

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) can occur in 3–25% of patients receiving radiocontrast material (RCM) despite appropriate preventive measures. Often patients with an atherosclerotic vasculature have to receive large doses of RCM. Thus, animal studies to uncover the exact pathomechanism of CI-AKI are needed. Sensitive and specific histologic end-points are lacking; thus in the present review we summarize the histologic appearance of different rodent models of CI-AKI. Single injection of RCM causes overt renal damage only in rabbits. Rats and mice need an additional insult to the kidney to establish a clinically manifest CI-AKI. In this review we demonstrate that the concentrating ability of the kidney may be responsible for species differences in sensitivity to CI-AKI. The most commonly held theory about the pathomechanism of CI-AKI is tubular cell injury due to medullary hypoxia. Thus, the most common additional insult in rats and mice is some kind of ischemia. The histologic appearance is tubular epithelial cell (TEC) damage; however severe TEC damage is only seen if RCM is combined by additional ischemia. TEC vacuolization is the first sign of CI-AKI, as it is a consequence of RCM pinocytosis and lysosomal fusion; however it is not sensitive as it does not correlate with renal function and is not specific as other forms of TEC damage also cause vacuolization. In conclusion, histopathology alone is insufficient and functional parameters and molecular biomarkers are needed to closely monitor CI-AKI in rodent experiments.

Subacute Oral Administration of Clinacanthus nutans Ethanolic Leaf Extract Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicities in ICR Mice

“…The histopathological evaluation of liver and kidney of the experimental mice in this study revealed that daily oral administration of CELE for 28 days at 1000 mg/kg dose resulted in various hepatic and renal lesions. The significant hepatic degeneration and necrosis observed histopathologically in the group of mice administered with daily oral doses of CELE at 1000 mg/kg for 28 days were suggestive of toxic or adverse effects [ 7 , 50 , 51 , 68 , 69 , 70 ] of the extract on the animals, as earlier observed in the results of plasma biochemical parameters for hepatic injury markers (ALT and AST). Similarly, the renal tubular degeneration and necrosis observed in this research further supported the results of plasma biochemical parameters, providing further indication that administration of the extract at 1000 mg/kg is not safe [ 50 , 51 ] for the female ICR mice.…”

“…Correspondingly, histopathological evaluation of liver and kidneys suggested that the extract at this high dose of 2000 mg/kg might have induced mild histopathological lesions in the liver and kidneys of the treated mice. The histopathological lesions observed in this study, including cytoplasmic vacuolation and eosinophilic cytoplasm, although not significant, may suggest that the plant extract at 2000 mg/kg exhibited some degree of degenerative and necrotic effects [50,51] on the liver and kidney of the treated mice. The significant differences in the liver injury markers observed in this study contradicts the earlier reports by Khoo et al [12], where administration of 5000 mg/kg aqueous extract of C. nutans did not cause any significant changes in the levels of AST, ALT, ALP and total bilirubin between the treated and untreated groups of rats; this may perhaps be due to the differences in the extraction solvents, as water has less ability to extracts phytochemicals compared to ethanol [30,52,53].…”

Soluble Urokinase Receptor and Acute Kidney Injury

“…Experimental details are provided in the Supplementary Appendix. 14,16,32,33 The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Rush University in Chicago.…”

Yeni Zellanda Tavşanlarında Böbreğin Stereolojik ve Histomorfometrik Değerlendirilmesi

“…In diagnosis of renal diseases, parameters such as volume and volume ratios, histomorphometric structure, and relative organ weight of kidneys are of great importance [4,19] . Changes in cortex and medulla of the kidney indicate pathological changes.…”