Histone variants at a glance

Talbert, Paul B.; Henikoff, Steven

doi:10.1242/jcs.244749

Cited by 125 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…In addition to the canonical histones, the fly genome encodes four histone variants (BigH1, H2Av, H3.3, and cenH3), with H2B and H4 being the only histones lacking variants. Histone variants confer different structural properties and carry out specialized functions in numerous processes [ 35 ]. The unique Drosophila H2A variant, H2Av, combines the features of the H2A.X and H2A.Z eukaryotic variants and has been linked to transcription, DNA repair, and heterochromatin [ 36 ].…”

Section: Chromatin Composition and Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatin Organization and Function in Drosophila

Llorens-Giralt

Camilleri-Robles

Corominas

et al. 2021

Cells

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Eukaryotic genomes are packaged into high-order chromatin structures organized in discrete territories inside the cell nucleus, which is surrounded by the nuclear envelope acting as a barrier. This chromatin organization is complex and dynamic and, thus, determining the spatial and temporal distribution and folding of chromosomes within the nucleus is critical for understanding the role of chromatin topology in genome function. Primarily focusing on the regulation of gene expression, we review here how the genome of Drosophila melanogaster is organized into the cell nucleus, from small scale histone–DNA interactions to chromosome and lamina interactions in the nuclear space.

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Section: Chromatin Composition and Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatin Organization and Function in Drosophila

Llorens-Giralt

Camilleri-Robles

Corominas

et al. 2021

Cells

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“…It has also been clearly established that brain development and maturation, as well as adult neuronal plasticity, strictly depend on dynamic changes in gene expression, and that such modifications in transcriptional programs are in turn determined by chromatin organization [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. In order to modulate chromatin structure, thus regulating the accessibility of genes to RNA polymerase, a few interrelated mechanisms are required: (i) post-translational modification of histone proteins; (ii) modification of site-specific DNA methylation; (iii) changes in the activity of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, such as the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (Chd) family of enzymes; and (iv) synthesis and incorporation into chromatin of histone variants [ 21 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Now, the nuclear receptors for thyroid hormones (THRs) can bind to chromatin and, depending on the presence of T3 and/or other regulatory factors, can recruit chromatin remodeling complexes and/or histone-modifying activities, thus causing the chromatin structure and gene expression to change [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of Thyroid Hormones in Brain Development and Cancer

Schiera

Liegro

2021

Cancers

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The development and maturation of the mammalian brain are regulated by thyroid hormones (THs). Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism cause serious anomalies in the organization and function of the nervous system. Most importantly, brain development is sensitive to TH supply well before the onset of the fetal thyroid function, and thus depends on the trans-placental transfer of maternal THs during pregnancy. Although the mechanism of action of THs mainly involves direct regulation of gene expression (genomic effects), mediated by nuclear receptors (THRs), it is now clear that THs can elicit cell responses also by binding to plasma membrane sites (non-genomic effects). Genomic and non-genomic effects of THs cooperate in modeling chromatin organization and function, thus controlling proliferation, maturation, and metabolism of the nervous system. However, the complex interplay of THs with their targets has also been suggested to impact cancer proliferation as well as metastatic processes. Herein, after discussing the general mechanisms of action of THs and their physiological effects on the nervous system, we will summarize a collection of data showing that thyroid hormone levels might influence cancer proliferation and invasion.

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“…Histone octamers generally consist of two subunits of each of the canonical core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 ( Kornberg, 1974 ; Ruiz-Carrillo and Jorcano, 1978 ) which, with the H1 and H5 linker histones stabilize nucleosomes to form higher-order chromatin ( Allan et al, 1981 ). Variant versions of the core histones with specialized functions also exist that can get incorporated into nucleosomes ( Talbert and Henikoff, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic Regulation in Hydra: Conserved and Divergent Roles

Pillai

Gungi

Reddy

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Transitions in gene regulatory processes responsible for the emergence of specialized cell types and spatiotemporal regulation of developmental signaling prior to the divergence of Cnidaria and Bilateria are poorly understood. As a sister group of Bilateria, the phylum Cnidaria can provide significant insights into these processes. Among the cnidarians, hydrae have been studied for >250 years to comprehend the mechanisms underlying their unique immortality and robust regenerative capacity. Studies on Hydra spp. and other pre-bilaterians alike have advanced our understanding of the evolutionary underpinnings governing eumetazoan tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration. In addition to its regenerative potential, Hydra exhibits continuously active axial patterning due to its peculiar tissue dynamics. These distinctive physiological processes necessitate large scale gene expression changes that are governed by the multitude of epigenetic mechanisms operating in cells. This review highlights the contemporary knowledge of epigenetic regulation in Hydra with contemporary studies from other members of Cnidaria, as well as the interplay between regulatory mechanisms wherever demonstrated. The studies covered in the scope of this review reveal both ancestral and divergent roles played by conserved epigenetic mechanisms with emphasis on transcriptional regulation. Additionally, single-cell transcriptomics data was mined to predict the physiological relevance of putative gene regulatory components, which is in agreement with published findings and yielded insights into the possible functions of the gene regulatory mechanisms that are yet to be deciphered in Hydra, such as DNA methylation. Finally, we delineate potentially rewarding epigenetics research avenues that can further leverage the unique biology of Hydra.

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Histone variants at a glance

Cited by 125 publications

References 160 publications

Chromatin Organization and Function in Drosophila

Chromatin Organization and Function in Drosophila

Involvement of Thyroid Hormones in Brain Development and Cancer

Epigenetic Regulation in Hydra: Conserved and Divergent Roles

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