Histone-like proteins from fish are lethal to the parasitic dinoflagellate <i>Amyloodinium ocellatum</i>

Noga, Edward J.; Fan, Zhiqin; Silphaduang, Umaporn

doi:10.1017/s0031182001007971

Cited by 68 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…The antimicrobial effect of histones has been known for decades [207,208], but only after some years they were linked to the innate immune system of fishes and characterized in different fish species [153,161,[209][210][211][212][213]. Since then, important functions of histones have been described.…”

Section: 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

2012

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The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final combination of them is likely to be related to an animal's immunological history and evolutionary development. Vertebrate immune system consists of both systemic and mucosal immune compartments, but it is the mucosal immune system which protects the body from the first encounter of pathogens. According to anatomical location, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-, skin-, and gill-associated lymphoid tissue and most available studies focus on gut. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of the immunological defences present in skin mucosa as a very important part of the fish immune system, serving as an anatomical and physiological barrier against external hazards. Interest in defence mechanism of fish arises from a need to develop health management tools to support a growing finfish aquaculture industry, while at the same time addressing questions concerning origins and evolution of immunity in vertebrates. Increased knowledge of fish mucosal immune system will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.

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Section: 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

2012

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“…The latter AMPs include the ribosomal protein-derived cecropins (31); pepsinogen-derived bPaAP and bPcAP (21); histone H2A-derived buforin (26), parasin (28), and hipposin (2); and lactoferrin-derived lactoferricin (7). Antimicrobial activity has in some cases also been reported to be associated with the whole proteins from which AMPs are derived (7,9,23,34).…”

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confidence: 99%

Proline Conformation-Dependent Antimicrobial Activity of a Proline-Rich Histone H1 N-Terminal Peptide Fragment Isolated from the Skin Mucus of Atlantic Salmon

Lüders

Birkemo

Nissen‐Meyer

et al. 2005

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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A 30-residue N-terminally acetylated peptide derived from the N-terminal part of histone H1 was identified as the dominant antimicrobial peptide in skin mucus from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The peptide (termed salmon antimicrobial peptide [SAMP H1]) was purified to homogeneity by a combination of reversed-phase and cation-exchange chromatographies. By Edman degradation of the deacetylated peptide and by sequencing of the PCR-amplified DNA that encodes the peptide, the complete amino acid sequence was determined to be AEVAPAPAAAAPAKAPKKKAAAKPKKAGPS. The theoretical molecular weight of N-terminally acetylated SAMP H1 was calculated to be 2,836, which is the same as that determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The peptide was active against both gram-negative and -positive bacteria. The N-terminal acetyl group was not necessary for activity since deacetylation did not reduce the activity. A synthetic peptide whose sequence was identical to that of the isolated fragment was initially inactive but could be activated by binding it to a cation-exchange column. Treatment of the synthetic peptide when it was bound to the exchange column with peptidylproline cis-trans-isomerase increased the amount of active peptide, indicating that isomerization of the proline peptide bond(s) was necessary for activation of the synthetic peptide. Comparison of the active and inactive forms by circular dichroism and chromatographic analyses suggests that the active form, both the natural and the synthetic forms, is more structured, condensed, and rigid than the inactive form, which has a more nonstructured conformation. This work shows for the first time the importance of proline isomers in the activity of an antimicrobial peptide.

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“…The degree to which this influences disease resistance has not yet been determined. Nonetheless, the fact that significant suppression of this activity results from chronically stressful crowding and sub-optimal water quality, as is often found in intensive aquaculture, and the fact that we have identified similar antibiotics in other commercially important species such as rainbow trout and hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops) (Noga et al 2001), suggest that HLPs may be a promising indicator for monitoring the health of many fish. Such an indicator could be a valuable tool for discerning the effects of stress on non-specific immunity and disease resistance, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of strategies designed to enhance defense mechanisms of aquaculture species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Histone-like protein: a novel method for measuring stress in fish

Robinette

Noga²

2001

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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ABSTRACT:We assessed the effect of chronic stress using a group of potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial polypeptides, called histone-like proteins (HLPs), which appear to be an important component of non-specific immunity in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus skin. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure the predominant HLP (HLP-1) in channel catfish skin. Catfish were then exposed to a chronic stress consisting of overcrowding and elevated ammonia. Healthy unstressed fish had consistently high HLP-1 levels, but fish that had been stressed for 1 wk had significantly depressed HLP-1 levels; HLP-1 levels declined further in fish stressed for 3 or 4 wk. The time-dependent decline in HLP-1 levels was not accompanied by any gross signs of disease. In contrast to HLP-1 levels, antibacterial activity in the skin was significantly greater in fish stressed for 1 wk compared with unstressed fish; in addition, antibacterial activity was the same in fish that were unstressed or stressed for 3 or 4 wk. This suggests that other antibiotics besides HLP-1 may be induced in the skin, especially during early stages of stress, that may compensate for depressed HLP-1 levels. Our results indicate that chronic stress has a significant suppressive effect on HLP-1 levels in channel catfish skin. The reduction of HLP-1 in the absence of clinical signs of disease, combined with evidence that its levels are not affected by the acute stressors of capture or sampling, suggests that HLP levels may be a promising indicator for monitoring fish health.KEY WORDS: Endobiotics · Non-specific immunity · Diagnostic stress test · ELISA Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 44: [97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107] 2001 Barton 1997). Correlations between stress-associated immunosuppression and susceptibility of fish to infectious disease have been demonstrated in various fish species, such as rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Angelidis et al. 1987), chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Maule et al. 1989), and carp Cyprinus carpio (Yin et al. 1995).A number of indicators have been used to study the effects of stress on the immune responses of fish. These methods can generally be divided into 3 categories (Anderson 1990): (1) non-specific assays that do not involve antigenic stimulation (e.g., hematocrit and leukocrit) (Ellsaesser & Clem 1986, Pickering & Pottinger 1987; (2) non-specific or specific functional indicators, which may or may not use antigenic stimulation (e.g., chemiluminescent assay of phagocytic oxidative burst potential; T and B cell mitogenesis assays) (Stave & Roberson 1985, Ellsaesser & Clem 1986 and (3) indicators that involve immunization of the fish and subsequent assay of the specific immune response (e.g., antibody assays and pathogen challenge) (Hetrick et al. 1979, Cipriano et al. 1985, Smith et al. 1992, Cobb et al. 1998.The importance of non-specific immune responses as a first-line of protection against infectious di...

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Histone-like proteins from fish are lethal to the parasitic dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum

Cited by 68 publications

References 21 publications

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

Proline Conformation-Dependent Antimicrobial Activity of a Proline-Rich Histone H1 N-Terminal Peptide Fragment Isolated from the Skin Mucus of Atlantic Salmon

Histone-like protein: a novel method for measuring stress in fish

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