“…Moreover, trichostatin A (TSA), an antifungal antibiotic with pan-HDACi activity is effective in several tumor models at the nanomolar level. TSA inhibits HDAC activity [69], downregulates HDAC1 expression [75], increases histone H4 [69] and estrogen receptor (ER) acetylation in breast cancer cell lines [76], increases histone H3 lysine 9 and lysine 27 acetylation [76] and upregulates p21, p27 and p57 expression in colon cancer cell lines [75] Additionally, in PCa, TSA increases histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation, particularly in CRPC cell lines [73], and affects p53 acetylation [49]. In addition, TSA presents nonepigenetic effects, including decreased cell proliferation [68,74], increased cell death [72,75] with an increase in active caspase-3 levels [71], increased hypoxic responses [74], downregulation of cyclin D1 gene expression [71], cell cycle arrest at G 1 phase, increased expression of Bax gene and downregulated Bcl-2 gene expression and decreased phosphorylation of Akt and ERK proteins [70].…”