Histomorphometric Evaluation of Mechanoreceptors and Free Nerve Endings in Human Lateral Ankle Ligaments

Moraes, Miguel Rb B.; Cavalcante, Maria Luzete Costa; Leite, José Alberto Dias; Ferreira, Francisco Valdecir; Castro, Antônio Juvêncio O.; Santana, Mariana G.

doi:10.3113/fai.2008.0087

Cited by 31 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This is in accordance with previous publications, which also describe the majority of mechanoreceptors at the insertion of ligaments in the shoulder [Morisawa, 1998], wrist [Hagert et al, 2007;Tomita et al 2007], knee [Kennedy et al, 1982;Schultz et al, 1984;Schutte et al, 1987;Del Valle et al, 1998], and ankle joints [Moraes et al, 2008]. Similarly, 93% of the mechanoreceptors in cat lateral ankle ligaments have been found near the attachment to the fibula and calcaneus [Takebayashi et al, 1997].…”

Section: General Distributionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Only few Golgi-like corpuscles have been found in the whole analysis. This is in contrast with previous literature, where a predominance of Pacini corpuscles, followed by Golgilike corpuscles, and lastly Ruffini corpuscles, were described in the deltoid ligament and/or lateral ankle ligaments using the gold chloride technique [Michelson and Hutchins, 1995;Moraes et al, 2008]. In addition, as Golgi-like endings detect extreme ranges of joint movement [Newton, 1982], they appear more often in ligaments of big joints, e.g.…”

Section: General Distributioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…Several studies have investigated sensory nerve endings of ankle ligaments using the gold chloride technique [Michelson and Hutchins, 1995;Moraes et al, 2008]. However, gold chloride impregnates not only nerve tissue but also elastic fibers in blood vessels and reticular fibers, thus providing nonspecific imaging of neural elements in tissue [Soule, 1962;Koch et al, 1995;Gómez-Barrena et al, 1999].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Immunohistochemical Analysis of Sensory Nerve Endings in Ankle Ligaments: A Cadaver Study

Rein

Hagert

Hanisch³

et al. 2012

Cells Tissues Organs

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Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the pattern and types of sensory nerve endings in ankle ligaments using immunohistochemical techniques, in order to gain more insight into functional ankle stability. Methods: One hundred forty ligaments from 10 cadaver feet were included: the calcaneofibular and anterior/posterior talofibular ligaments from the lateral complex; inferior extensor retinaculum complex, talocalcaneal oblique and canalis tarsi ligaments from the sinus tarsi; deltoid ligament with its individual portions from the medial complex, and anterior tibiofibular ligament (ATiFL) from the syndesmosis. Mechanoreceptors were classified according to Freeman and Wyke [Acta Anat (Basel) 1967;68:321–333] after staining with hematoxylin-eosin, low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75, protein gene product 9.5, and S-100 protein. Results: Free nerve endings were the predominant sensory endings in all four complexes, with the greatest density in the lateral and medial complexes; followed by Ruffini endings, unclassifiable corpuscles, Pacini corpuscles, and Golgi-like endings. Ruffini endings were significantly more prevalent in the ATiFL than in the medial complex, and more common than Pacini corpuscles and Golgi-like endings in the lateral, medial, and sinus tarsi complexes. A greater number of blood vessels correlated with a greater number of free nerve endings. There was a negative correlation between the number of Ruffini endings, unclassifiable corpuscles, and age. Conclusions: Free nerve endings are the dominant mechanoreceptor type in the ankle ligaments, followed by Ruffini endings. The ligaments of the lateral and medial ankle complexes are more innervated than the sinus tarsi ligaments.

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Section: General Distributionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: General Distributioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunohistochemical Analysis of Sensory Nerve Endings in Ankle Ligaments: A Cadaver Study

Rein

Hagert

Hanisch³

et al. 2012

Cells Tissues Organs

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“…While the Pacini corpuscle in the skin and the palm of the hand is highly sensitive to vibrations and skin indentations, its function in the ligament is as a low-threshold, rapidly adapting receptor active only in joint acceleration and deceleration [Johansson et al, 2000]. In congruence with its physical lamellar structure, the Pacini corpuscles are sensitive to compressive rather than tensile forces, which explains the abundance of this receptor in ligaments of load-bearing joints Moraes et al, 2008].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Immunofluorescent Triple-Staining Technique to Identify Sensory Nerve Endings in Human Thumb Ligaments

Lee

Ladd

Hagert

2011

Cells Tissues Organs

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Ligament innervation purportedly plays a critical role in stability, proprioception and pathology of joints with minimal bony constraints. The human thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is such a joint: with a complex saddle configuration and wide circumduction, its constraint is primarily ligamentous and it is prone to osteoarthritis. CMC reconstruction is the most commonly performed arthritis surgery in the upper extremity. Little, however, is known about CMC ligament innervation. We describe a novel triple-staining immunofluorescence technique using the markers for low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75, the pan-neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) to simultaneously detect and differentiate between specific sensory nerve endings: the Pacini corpuscles, the Ruffini endings and nerve fascicles. Five primary CMC ligaments (dorsal radial, dorsal central, posterior oblique, anterior oblique and ulnar collateral ligaments) were harvested from 10 fresh-frozen human cadaver hands. Following paraffin sectioning, each ligament was stained using a triple-stain technique and imaged with fluorescence microscopy. Multidimensional acquisition permitted simultaneous capture of images at different wavelengths. Pacini corpuscles were distinguished by their distinct p75 immunoreactive capsules, and Ruffini endings by their overlapping p75 and PGP9.5 immunoreactive dendritic nerve endings. Simultaneous use of PGP9.5, p75 and DAPI immunofluorescence to analyze innervation patterns in human ligaments provides descriptive analysis of staining patterns and receptor structure as well as clues as to the proprioceptive function of CMC ligaments and the joint as a whole. Our novel findings of CMC ligament innervation augment the study of normal and pathological joint mechanics in this joint so prone to osteoarthritis.

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“…[37][38][39][40] The function of various mechanoreceptor types has been delineated using microneurography of cutaneous and joint afferents. 41,42 Owing to their differing characteristics, we infer different proprioceptive functions of ligaments depending on the predominance of mechanoreceptor type.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innervation Patterns of Thumb Trapeziometacarpal Joint Ligaments

Hagert

Lee

Ladd

2012

The Journal of Hand Surgery

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Histomorphometric Evaluation of Mechanoreceptors and Free Nerve Endings in Human Lateral Ankle Ligaments

Cited by 31 publications

References 32 publications

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Sensory Nerve Endings in Ankle Ligaments: A Cadaver Study

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Sensory Nerve Endings in Ankle Ligaments: A Cadaver Study

Immunofluorescent Triple-Staining Technique to Identify Sensory Nerve Endings in Human Thumb Ligaments

Innervation Patterns of Thumb Trapeziometacarpal Joint Ligaments

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